Exploratory factor analysis (N = 111). Social media engagement: what motivates user participation and consumption on YouTube? 
Therefore, the health effects of IU alone may not be as direct. Nalla S, Huang K, Spangenberg J, Chen L, Jayabalan P. The demographic and disability characteristics of individuals who regularly attend an urban adaptive fitness center: an observational study. A meta-analysis and the moderating role of age. J Organ End User Comput. The main question asked respondents to recall if they had experienced the following five scenarios in the past 12 months: I continuously want to use social networking sites or communication software, I use social networking sites or communication software to forget my personal problems, I have tried to reduce the time I spend on social networking sites or communication software, but I have not succeeded, I feel confused or agitated when I can't use social networking sites or communication software, or I use social networking sites or communication software too often, which may have a negative impact on my studies/work. The measurement is based on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = very non-compliant, 2 = mostly non-compliant, 3 = partially non-compliant, 4 = partially compliant, 5 = mostly compliant, and 6 = very compliant), and the higher the response value, the more addicted the community is to the network. doi: 10.23751/pn.v23iS2.11942, 24. Int J Hum Comput Stud. SMA and excessive IU do pose health concerns in a modern society with advanced Internet technology, and REx can indeed bring many health benefits. Van der Aa N, Overbeek G, Engels RC, Scholte RH, Meerkerk G-J, Van den Eijnden RJJM. Am J Public Health. Zeeni N, Doumit R, Abi Kharma J, Sanchez-Ruiz MJ. Therefore, some scholars use other similar terms such as pathological IU (3840), problematic IU (4143), and compulsive IU (44, 45). 49. (2017) 3:113.
In other words, the entire social media framework is based on the sharing and participation behavior of users (73).
7, No. doi: 10.17705/1jais.00302, 92. (2017) 66:23647. (2021) 18:3227. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18063227, 72. According to (87), a relationship between items should be >0.3. Although scholars believe that exercise is one of the possible solutions to improve SMA, there is relatively little empirical research and little attention has been paid to how the use of REx affects SMA and its impact on perceived health (PH) (17, 20, 26, 33). Fornell C, Larcker DF. Construct discriminate analysis. Exploring the perspectives of adolescents.
(2021) 12:1199. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.591875, 59. Front Psychiatry. Or how would you rate your health? Comput Hum Behav. The editor and reviewer's affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication. Lin CY, Namdar P, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Improving social network addiction is difficult, as medication may have side effects that affect health, and psychotherapy is difficult to design for specific cases (29). The hierarchy of needs theory (Maslow's hierarchy of needs) (7) suggests that people have social needs, and one of the key factors affecting the basic need for emotion and belonging is interpersonal communication (8). Dziuban CD, Shirkey EC. Please refer to Table 3 for the rest of the details of the background variables: income, work, education, marital status, and place of residence. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2021.2003419. doi: 10.1186/s42506-019-0032-7, 18. Rauniar R, Rawski G, Yang J, Johnson B. useless addiction distraction This study was conducted using the secondary data research method in two stages, starting with a small portion of data 111 (10%) data in IBM SPSS 24.0 for Windows. Finally, we draw conclusions based on the results of the study and propose directions and recommendations for follow-up research. The model path coefficients and hypotheses are described as follows. Table 4. Int J Environ Res Public Health. social why global ucl economist impact project access anthropology press changed study covers films The rise of online social media has thus created a different mode of interpersonal interaction than traditional ones, and the use of social media sites has become one of the most popular social behaviors today (4). However, in this study there were no statistically significant effects on the health effects of IU, but the effects of IU are both immediate and caused by prolonged sedentary and inactivity, where health problems such as eye fatigue, anger, and sleep disturbances (75) can be improved immediately through a period of time. In other words, the results obtained in this study were more accurate after excluding the effect of age. Stead H, Bibby PA. Psychol Rep. (2012) 110:50117. H1: SMA positively affects IU. Active participation refers to behaviors that enhance communication and information generation, such as status updates, check-ins, messages, and so on. (1974) 81:35861. The correlation between the items SMA2 and SMA5 in SMA was 0.24 which was slightly lower than the standard. doi: 10.1177/0033294120922481, 27. 8. Charmaraman L, Lynch AD, Richer AM, Grossman JM. doi: 10.1111/jasp.12375, 14. Finally, based on the above, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether REx among adults in general society moderates the relationship between SMA, Internet use (IU), and PH. Model 1 was the main model, and only the hypotheses H1~H4 between SMA, IU, and PH were tested here. Performance and satisfaction as a function of individual-environment fit. Shapira NA, Goldsmith TD, Keck PE Jr, Khosla UM, McElroy SL. (year, month, and day). The value calculated by subtracting the year of completion from 2019 was used to represent the age of the respondent at the time of completing the questionnaire, with larger values representing older respondents. Comput Hum Behav. This study was conducted with adults over the age of 18, spanning multiple groups such as young people, young adults, and older adults. Technology acceptance model: a literature review from 1986 to 2013. doi: 10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8, 39. It is interesting to note that one can bring health benefits while the other is a loss of health, but the two do not affect each other. It is known from previous studies that the older a person is, the more likely he or she is to have health problems, and the older the age, the less the Internet use (83, 84). Acute physiological response to exercising with a piece of home equipment. J Assoc Inf Syst. Fear of missing out (FoMO) and rumination mediate relations between social anxiety and problematic Facebook use. Li-tze H, Bentler PM. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found at: doi: 10.6141/TW-SRDA-C00351_2-1. If it is larger than the two correlation coefficients of each construct, it means that the constructs have discriminant validity (see Table 5). H4: Social media addiction has an indirect effect on perceived health through Internet use. (2007) 39:68896. Construct reliability and validity analysis. Prevalence and associated factors of problematic smartphone use during the COVID-19 pandemic: a Bangladeshi study. Therefore, REx is an important key factor in the prevention of many diseases (66). H4: SMA did not indirectly affect conscious health through IU. The TSCS is a very rigorous sampling and distribution of samples throughout Taiwan make it very suitable for secondary data researchers to conduct research and analysis. As mentioned earlier, SMA, IU, and PH are the three main variables of this study. Personality, fear of missing out and problematic internet use and their relationship to subjective well-being. Goldberg (36) was one of the first scholars to focus on this phenomenon. Correlates of Internet addiction in Turkish adolescents. Csikszentmihalyi M. Beyond Boredom and Anxiety. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2008.0181, 45. Many factors are known to influence social media addiction and health, such as physical factors (age, gender), social factors (frequency of use, need for social media), and psychological factors (stress, empathy, responsibility, depression, and social support) (82). Those sweet, sweet likes: sharing physical activity over social network sites. Kock N, Lynn GS. In the Taiwan Internet Report in 2020, the top three social media platforms were Facebook (94.2%), Instagram (39.2%), and Twitter (6.4%) (6). A meta-analysis of Facebook-depression relations. The World Health Organization (56) defines health as not only the absence of disease, but also the physical, psychological, and social integrity and well-being of the individual. The development and validation of adolescent pathological Internet use scale. Moderating effect of regular exercise on social media addiction and internet use. Multivariate Data Analysis, 7th ed. Therefore, PH in this study mainly refers to the individual's awareness of their physical health status, which includes subjective and objective evaluation of their own physical and mental health, and adopts the viewpoint of self-comparison of changes in their health at different points in time. Hosen I, Al Mamun F, Sikder MT, Abbasi AZ, Zou L, Guo T, et al. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. 6. Traditionally, a community is defined as a group of people who are willing to get together or take on a common responsibility (1). DSM-IV Casebook: A Learning Companion to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (2021) 44:193200. The authors would like to thank Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 107-2627-H-003 -001 -MY5) and the Higher Education Deep Cultivation Project of National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU) sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Taiwan for their support. Soc Media Soc. (2015) 30:17187. (2012) 13:54680. Lee Y, Kozar KA, Larsen KR. (2020) 23:81822. (2017) 6:17886. Comput Hum Behav. J Youth Adolesc. doi: 10.2307/249008, 52. doi: 10.1007/s40520-021-02037-0, 65. Mediated roles of generalized trust and perceived social support in the effects of problematic social media use on mental health: a cross-sectional study. In the second stage, the remaining 1,163 (90%) data were verified with Smart PLS, a more rigorous structural equation modeling (SEM) with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), to verify the hypotheses model, mediation effects, and moderation effects. Salenger Incorporated. doi: 10.1007/s12144-018-9998-0, 13. J Manag. Today's social media are platforms created in the virtual world of the Internet which allow users to freely create their own unique accounts, discuss, share, and exchange information in this cyberspace via text, images, audio, and video (2, 3). (2018) 43:34250. Impact of videos targeting intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation on exercise experience and effort. (2020) 108:106332. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106332, 32. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. (2020) 6:2056305120961784. doi: 10.1177/2056305120961784, 3. doi: 10.1177/0093650215617506, 73.
This study was conducted to investigate how REx interventions moderate the effect of SMA on IU and PH. Physical exercise and psychological well-being: a population study in Finland. A total of 1,933 questionnaires were successfully completed in a total of 130 villages sampled throughout Taiwan. Secondly, while it is true that the moderating effect for people with low levels of SMA can reduce IU, for people with high levels of SMA, the moderating effect of REx becomes a catalyst for increased Internet usage behavior. A total of 1,933 questionnaires were retrieved, and after elimination of invalid responses, 1,163 data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling, PLS-SEM. The compulsive internet use scale (CIUS): some psychometric properties. 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report. Although social media are an important window into the outside world (16) and provide many conveniences for networking and social relationship building, the use of social media can also have many negative effects (10). doi: 10.47197/retos.v43i0.79860, 67. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Social media addiction and burnout: the mediating roles of envy and social media use anxiety. (2020) 18:52547. Although the results of this study are valuable, there are some limitations that should be noted. Andreassen CS, Torsheim T, Brunborg GS, Pallesen S. Development of a Facebook addiction scale. First, from these results, it is clear that the negative health effects of SMA may not be simply due to prolonged IU. In addition, previous studies on social media addiction has less concern for adults in the general society. Cyberpsychol Behav. However, in epidemiological and gerontological studies, objective physiological and biochemical indicators were traditionally used to assess the health of individuals until 1982, when scholars Mossey and Shapiro (57) proposed a similar approach to self-assessment of health. J Affect Disord. The higher the score, the better the PH status. In the 2019, Taiwan Social Change Survey (Round 7, Year 5): Technology and Risk Society (85), the data are consistent with the topic of this study. The Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS) in Taiwan is an annual survey conducted by the Ministry of Science and Technology since 1990, in which two independent questionnaires are conducted, in which a rigorous sampling is conducted on the current distribution of Taiwan's population, with very diverse issues, such as technology and risk, social inequality, work and life, religion, health, and leisure life. For example, how do you feel about your health compared to people of the same age? (2017) 14:596. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14060596, 26. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. Commun Res.
Therefore, many scholars believe that exercise can improve the symptoms associated with social media addiction (2932). Gust CJ, Bryan AD. (2020) 95:18. Current recommendations for weekly exercise state that all healthy adults over the age of 18 should have at least 150300 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or 75150 min of high-intensity aerobic exercise per week (67). paradigm refusing cyborgology Ferreira MB, De Almeida F, Soro JC, Herter MM, Pinto DC, Silva CS. In addition, this study also found that there was no statistically significant effect of SMA on PH mediated by IU; perhaps this is related to the fact that there are many factors that affect physical health, and SMA affects a wide range of health dimensions. The popularity of online social media in recent years has not only brought information and social convenience to people's lives, but has also given rise to many problems, among which social media addiction (SMA) has become a concern of many scholars and experts. Based on this, we can imagine that the more people exercise regularly each week, the less time and opportunities they have to use the Internet than people who do not exercise regularly; the many benefits of regular exercise, such as improved psychological and physiological health, may also change the impact of SMA on PH. Model 2 was an adjustment model in which REx was put into the model to investigate its moderating effect. Technol Soc. Relationship between depression symptoms, physical activity, and addictive social media use.
Liu C, Ma J.
It is a combination of three observation questions in which respondents were asked to compare changes in their physical health status, mental/spiritual health status, and sleep status over the past year. This may be due to the fact that individuals with SMA have an uncontrollable urge to go online, or monitoring social media for fear of missing messages, which is considered to be Compulsive Internet Behavior (76, 93). Based on the above, the hypotheses are proposed as follows: H1: Social media addiction has an effect on Internet use. Meerkerk G-J, Van Den Eijnden RJ, Vermulst AA, Garretsen HF. The eigenvalues of 3.26, 2.11, and 1.23 were extracted using direct oblimin analysis, and three eigenvalues >1 factor were extracted. Previous studies have found health effects of social media addiction such as: poor mental health (e.g., anxiety and depression) (22, 25), fear of missing out (FOMO) (68), which are among the effects on psychological health dimensions (6971). Comput Hum Behav. Table 3. It seems that REx has become a topic of sharing for addicts, or is used for online check-ins to increase the buzz, thus creating the phenomenon that the more you exercise, the more you use the internet. (2017) 69:12835. J Enterprise Inf Manage. Therefore, it is necessary to infer that the effects of all exercise types have their limitations. The higher the level of SMA, in addition to the original effect on mental health; social media users increase their online behavior to adapt to the social media environment to which they belong, and this process in turn has an effect on physical health. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2016.1266374, 22. Front. In the structural model verification, the hypothesis validation was divided into two models. (2020) 100:152180. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152180, 42. The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. (1999) 6:155. This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 107-2627-H-003 -001 -MY5) and the Higher Education Deep Cultivation Project of National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU) sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Taiwan. Eur J Commun. Indian J Commun Med. (2019) 47:5161. The standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) is 0.073, which is less than the SRMR value of 0.08 as suggested by (92), which is a good criterion for model fit. Model 1 was to investigate the relationship between SMA, IU, and PH after excluding the influence of age. Copyright 2022 Chen, Chen, Wu and Wu. In order to increase their own media content and attract others' attention, social media users engage in conspicuous behaviors, frequently using and disclosing information about their online selves (93). The standardized regression coefficient of SMA on PH was 0.125, which was significant (t = 2.852, p = 0.004 < 0.01), so hypothesis 2 of this study was valid and negative. Yan H, Zhang R, Oniffrey TM, Chen G, Wang Y, Wu Y, et al. According to the definition of health by The World Health Organization (56), we can divide health into psychological and physiological aspects. doi: 10.1007/s10209-014-0348-1, 54. The first stage is to verify that the measurement model is ideal for each potential structure, and then the second stage is to evaluate the structural model. Khan ML. Univ Access Inf Soc. Maranguni N, Grani A. The present study successfully applied the Person Environment fit theory to construct a model of the health effects of SMA in adults, which has been more commonly applied in organizational behavior and industrial management. Less Facebook use-More well-being and a healthier lifestyle? 63. An analysis of the brain structures underlying the link between pathological Internet use and anxiety. If yes, how many times per week on average? The higher the number of times means the more the respondents exercise per week. 86. (2018) 21:16373. Zhang M, Bian Y. 
Davis RA. Some scholars believe that excessive use of social media, or even compulsive-like social media use, in such extreme situations may produce similar results to those of past traditional substance addictions (68).