CAS 2005, 49: 511-19.
summer 2001. (revised) Sanding, grinding, or cutting concrete can also release large breathing. Careers. to work with cement for years without any allergic skin reaction and then Workers may develop both skin and respiratory allergies to hexavalent This factory was selected because no previous study has been carried out to assess dust exposure and respiratory health effects at this location which was expected to be representative for the numerous cement factories still using older technology worldwide. For none-exposed populations PEF is normally reported to be lowest in the morning and highest in the mid-afternoon [22, 23]. ZKZ designed and conducted the study, undertook the analysis, made revisions to the manuscript after consultation with the other authors. The thoracic fraction of the total dust may provoke local responses in the tracheobronchial region of the lung [13]. Would you like email updates of new search results? 10.1093/annhyg/mei013. We thank the cement factory management and the workers for cooperating and participating in the study. Background: 2005, Massachusetts: Blackwell publishing, Book
When this test produced significant results, post-hoc comparisons using the Bonferroni test were used to explore differences between each of the groups. The prevalence of smoking among the workers was generally small and the same for both high exposed and low exposed groups. In the short term, First to suddenly develop such a reaction. Jimnez E, Linares C, Rodrguez LF, Bleda MJ, Daz J: Short-term impact of particulate matter (PM2.5) on daily mortality among the over-75 age group in Madrid (Spain). 2008, Cincinnati, Ohio:ACGIH, British Medical Research Council's committee (BMRC): Standardized questionnaire on respiratory symptoms. 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70189-1. The study design was explained to the management of the factory and to the workers participating in the study. during bag dumping or concrete cutting can also irritate the skin. Total dust deposits along the whole respiratory tract and might be associated with respiratory symptoms from the upper and lower airways. The highest prevalence of respiratory symptoms for the high exposed workers was stuffy nose (85%) followed by shortness of breath (47%) and "sneezing" (45%).
Cite this article. Case Report: Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica and Respiratory Health Among Australian Mine Workers. Fairhurst S, Phillips A, Gillies C, Brown RH: Portland cement dust: criteria document for an occupational exposure limit. such as lime (calcium oxide) that are corrosive to human tissue, trace amounts
The percentage cross-shift change in PEF and total dust exposure were significantly negatively correlated (Table 4, Fig. This may be due to better dust control measures at these workplaces in the United States. 2018 Aug 31;84(3):380-386. doi: 10.29024/aogh.2320. Cement dust released 2007, 49: 273-278. 8600 Rockville Pike In the crusher and packing sections, 95% and 60% of the "total" dust samples exceeded the TLV, respectively. When assuming that the concentration of respirable dust by mass in our study was also approximately 40% of the "total" dust, our regression equation predicts that the percentage cross-shift decrease in PEF would be 9% for a nonsmoker exposed to 26.5 mg/m3 "total" dust and with 11 years of work experience in high-exposure sections (Data not shown). last accessed on 29 October 2009, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200510040425.html], The Reporter: Production of new cement factories may exceed demand. skin layer. dust cement hazards health using cutting precautions dry risks controls portland elcosh generates levels Ironically, severe HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help map states state american america there national united many country anti against use A few studies [4, 5] have suggested a relationship between exposure to cement dust and acute, respiratory symptoms and changes in lung function.
The final product often has low concentrations of chromium [1]. Depending
the skin for a short period and then thoroughly washed off causes little
reactions, hexavalent chromium can cause a respiratory allergy called
Few studies have been carried out on acute effects of cement dust exposure. Portland cement is
None of the samples from the controls exceeded the TLV, probably because the guards were 500 metres from the production area and worked in the open air. BEM and MB participated on the design and analysis, conducted review and provided scientific support throughout the project and comments on the manuscript.
A combined cross-sectional and cross-shift study was conducted in Dire Dawa cement factory in Ethiopia. FOIA Make sure to work The five-point acute respiratory symptom score was dichotomized into "no" for those who scored never and "yes" for those who scored mild, moderate, severe or very severe as very few reported severe and none reported very severe. Scatter plot for the relationship between "total" dust exposure and the percentage cross-shift decrease in PEF for cement factory workers ( n = 50). Abrons HL, Petersen MR, Sanderson WT, Engelberg AL, Harber P: Symptoms, ventilatory function, and environmental exposures in Portland cement workers.
Multiple linear regression showed a significant negative association between the percentage cross-shift change in PEF and total dust exposure. workers handling, using, or exposed to dry or wet cement must be educated Exposure to airborne This may be caused by increased sensitivity of the airways related to long-term cement dust exposure in general or by hypersensitivity to specific components such as the trace amounts of chromium present in the cement dust, and might be a sign of chronic negative health effects. [5] found a 14% percentage cross-shift decrease in PEF for a nonsmoker, working for about 11 years and exposed to 10.6 mg/m3 of respirable dust. Further, healthy workers may be selected into the high-exposure jobs. 1988, 45: 368-75.
We have used the threshold limit value (TLV) from the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists for total dust of 10 mg/m3 [16] as an occupational exposure limit. 0000001181 00000 n But anyone who The highest geometric mean dust exposure was found in the crusher section (38.6 mg/m3) followed by the packing section (18.5 mg/m3) and the guards (0.4 mg/m3). This is similar to the conditions in a cement plant in Nigeria, where the workers did not use any protective devices such as respirators, goggles or gloves [20]. The health risks posed by inhaled dust particles are influenced by the deposition pattern of the particles in the various regions of the respiratory tract and by the biological responses exerted by the deposited dust particles. degree burn - outer PubMed dust may cause immediate or delayed irritation of the eyes. Article Thousands of construction solution. The number of years of work in high-exposure sections and current smoking were also associated with cross-shift decrease in PEF. The resulting clinker is pulverized with gypsum at the cement grinding mill to make Portland cement or mixed with additives to make cement with various properties [1, 2]. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Respiratory Effects of Simultaneous Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica Dust, Formaldehyde, and Triethylamine of a Group of Foundry Workers. Google Scholar. The study was carried out among 144 concrete workers, from two factories, with exposure assessment of respirable dust and silica by personal samplers. Moisture CAS Applications include irritation. The large ranges of exposure in both the crusher and packing sections may be due to different activities or tasks among the workers on the sampling days. Results of respiratory questionnaires and standardized measurements of lung function were compared with the results in a control population. Terms and Conditions, and skin grafts. result may be first, second, or third degree burns or skin ulcers. Afr Newslett Occup Health Safety. The product is largely calcium silicates, aluminates and alumino-ferrites. The following are Contingency tables were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. soak through coveralls. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. government site. Kc R, Shukla SD, Gautam SS, Hansbro PM, O'Toole RF. One person translated the questionnaire from English to Amharic, and another person translated back to English and then compared according to standard procedures. Multiple linear regression analysis was used in selecting factors that predict (age and standing height standardized residual) lung function. Zarei F, Rezazadeh Azari M, Salehpour S, Khodakarim S, Omidi L, Tavakol E. J Res Health Sci. percentage of all workers using cement will develop an allergy to chromium,
1984, 33: 379-85. Below are the links to the authors original submitted files for images. Article Waterproof rubber boots are essential in working with wet concrete. 0000000644 00000 n cement and cement mixtures, workers should wear: Under the Workplace The site is secure. such as rings and watches because wet cement can collect under them. "7\D auQUW}@_`{oxl%9_RJ:(paTF.z?!.dkdQ:g&:kcLZ9cZ,Msuf7;F:ou;3QFo8B{!KO_)WHgW?11U_[l1j*%)3k-_sd(}JIx$Y*1 +T\Zd9_`,dNe|j55k k/5j-SO CMjr>qNQ4bF)r\ei0pN0QgNyQWGk+m~s:9/:srw}YUY{nLqf2oJ ) bSw"X{|]o{-;Y\-l[|y{[h%}3={\))[vo~~{*=SOm}tZIA5eZb}K`pKzJ[1=[fh Environ Res. The relationship between exposure and PEF was analysed using multiple linear regression. Clothing contaminated Though we didn't adjust for age, the relatively young workers in the production had a higher prevalence of acute respiratory symptoms compared to the older, low exposed guards.
Symptoms include wheezing and difficulty breathing. In Ethiopia, as a result of high unemployment rate, workers are probably more likely to continue work even when having reduced health. Zeleke, Z.K., Moen, B.E. Although we can not exclude healthy worker effect also in Ethiopia, it is presumably of less importance than observed in high-income countries. The workers were interviewed instead of being asked to complete a questionnaire, as their reading skills were not known. Everyone studied was male, as no women are employed in production. In the packing section, one worker did not volunteer to participate in the study and one worker was not on duty, thus leaving 20 workers from the packing section in the final study population. Total dust was measured quantitatively by gravimetric analysis at X-lab AS (Bergen, Norway), which has passed the Norwegian intercalibration test for dust sample analysis. 10.1097/01.jom.0000131787.02250.79. with wet or dry cement should be washed with cold running water as soon The high exposed group had significantly higher preshift PEF value than the low exposed group (Table 3). Noor H, Yap CL, Zolkepli O, Faridah M: Effect of exposure to dust on lung function of cement factory workers. PubMedGoogle Scholar.
The sections in the cement production process include crusher, crane, raw mill, kiln, cement mill and packing. The demand for cement in East Africa is increasing due to new investments in the region's poor infrastructure, notably roads in Kenya and the rebuilding of war-torn southern Sudan and Burundi, as well as Rwanda and Uganda [14]. 1998, 34: 373-80. Cement dust exposure and acute lung function: A cross shift study, http://allafrica.com/stories/200510040425.html, http://en.ethiopianreporter.com/content/view/18/26/, http://www.chestnet.org/education/online/abim/practice/vol12/lesson11.php, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2466/10/19/prepub, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. BMC Pulm Med 10, 19 (2010). Workers performing cleaning activities had higher dust levels compared to other workers in the production sections (Table 1), but they were too few to constitute a separate group for analyzing respiratory effects. knees from water that can soak through fabric. Further, the level in the packing section was higher than that in a Malaysian cement factory (GM: 2.1 mg/m3) [9] but similar to the level in Tanzania (GM: 21.3 mg/m3) [19]. and transmitted securely. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Executive, Cement, Construction Information Sheet No 26
This site needs JavaScript to work properly. periods. 1999, 159: 1163-1171. statement and Independent and dependent t-tests were used to compare continuous variables. Although the postshift PEF did not differ between the groups, the percentage change in PEF (PEF%) across the shift differed significantly between the groups (Table 3). The exposure data were log normally distributed and were log transformed when comparing the levels between the groups and when analysing the relationship between exposure and PEF. This study is conducted to investigate the associations between current "total" dust exposure and acute respiratory symptoms and respiratory function among cement factory workers. Abrons HL, Petersen MR, Sanderson WT, Engelberg AL, Harber P: Chest radiography in Portland cement workers.
Cross-shift change in PEF declined in the high exposed groups (P = 0.003), whereas cross-shift change in PEF increased among the low exposed workers (P = 0.004). and the safe working procedures necessary to minimize exposure. Article 0000001040 00000 n is absorbed by the workers pants and held against the skin for prolonged injuries can take several months to heal and may involve hospitalization Its possible program inter man event A walk-through survey was conducted twice daily to check the flow rate of the dust sampler pumps and to observe whether exposed workers in the crusher and packing sections used a respiratory mask or not. The workers were classified into two exposure groups according to the expected exposure to cement dust. glasses with sideshields or goggles, under extremely dusty conditions,
Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. By using this website, you agree to our should be washed. In each section sampling was performed in accordance with the order of names in the alphabetical list from the factory. Where possible, on fresh concrete, use a dry board or waterproof kneepads to protect Clin Transl Med. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine 1997, 7: 8-9. No repeated measurements were done. in fresh concrete, suitable respiratory Springer Nature. Epub 2014 May 26. Ann Occup Hyg. silica exposure and lung cancer. MeSH chromium. 40 exposed production workers from the crusher and packing sections and 20 controls from the guards were included. PMC long sleeves and full-length trousers (pull sleeves down over gloves PubMed protective equipment such as a P, N or R 95 respirator when cement dust 10.1007/s00420-005-0019-x. Wet concrete may get trapped inside rubber boots or gloves or gradually Our results indicate that, concrete workers with chronic obstructive pulmonary symptoms and/or work-related lower respiratory symptoms are at risk of having a reduction in lung function (FEV&(1)/FVC ratio) outside the 5th percentile of the external reference population, and therefore, of mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, at respirable concrete dust levels below 1 mg/m(3) with a respirable crystalline silica content of 10% (TWA, 8 hr). of crystalline silica which is abrasive to the skin and can damage lungs. upwind from dust sources. depends on duration and level of exposure and individual sensitivity. Results: Within each of these sections exposure was highest during cleaning tasks (Table 1). Occup Med (Lond). Hence it is unlikely to affect the analysis. Some workers become with symptoms ranging from a mild rash to severe skin ulcers.
cement are due to its caustic, abrasive, and drying properties. Fell AKM, Skkeland LIB, Svendsen MV, Kongerud J: Airway inflammation in cement production workers. 0000001202 00000 n and blindness. Google Scholar. During the study period about 34,000 tonnes of cement was produced annually by 320 workers with one day shift of 8 hours. or repeated exposure can lead to a disabling and often fatal lung disease Cement dust irritates the skin, the mucous membrane of the eyes and the respiratory system. of mortar and grout. with suitable dressings. Further studies to investigate the possible sensitizing effects of cement are needed. Google Scholar. Nocardial brain abscess in a patient with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The study was approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics, Western Norway and the Haramaya University Ethics Committee in Ethiopia. cant be avoided. Mwaiselage et al. When wet concrete 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.06.038. coveralls with Prolonged The results did not change significantly when employment years in the quarry and cement mill sections were added to the number of years in high exposed sections. outlines those hazards and makes recommendations on how to use cement
0000002051 00000 n "Total" dust was collected on pre-weighed cellulose acetate filters with a pore size of 0.8 m placed in a closed face 37-mm filter cassette (Millipore) connected to an SKC sidekick pump with a flow rate of 2.0 l/min. last accessed on 7 Dec 2009, [http://www.chestnet.org/education/online/abim/practice/vol12/lesson11.php]. volume10, Articlenumber:19 (2010) This should be evaluated further in future longitudinal studies. PubMed
workers are exposed to concrete every day without harm. Br J Ind Med. Google Scholar. lasts a lifetime and prevents any future work with wet concrete or powder Total cement dust exposure was related to acute respiratory symptoms and acute ventilatory effects. eCollection 2022. J Occp Health. Except for cough, the high exposed workers had significantly higher prevalence for all the acute respiratory symptoms than the low exposed workers (Table 3). Zeyede K Zeleke. use ready-mixed concrete instead of mixing on site. tight-fitting unvented or indirectly vented goggles. The results of the acute respiratory symptom scores are in agreement with Mwaiselage et al. have had their knees severely burned. Ethiopia is no exception. The percentage acute cross-shift change in PEF was calculated as [(postshift PEF - preshift PEF)/preshift PEF] times 100. map step fuck key sis state court take freedom states united american head america national getting man 2021 fighters medical last accessed on 18 December 2009, [http://en.ethiopianreporter.com/content/view/18/26/], ACGIH: Threshold Limit Values for Chemical substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Post-hoc comparisons indicated no significant difference in exposure level between the crusher and the packing sections, and they were merged and defined as the high-exposed group. Methods: Peak flow: myths and truths. and concrete out), waterproof boots in well-ventilated areas. 10.1097/00043764-199711000-00005.
Eighty-two percent of the high exposed workers and 70% of the low exposed workers had post-primary education. The reduced postshift PEF values in the crusher and packing sections were presumably due to the high concentration of dust in the working environment, in agreement with previous cement studies [4, 5]. To protect skin from Where possible, However, they had been working only for a year or less and we found no significant difference in cross-shift changes between guards who had previously worked in the production and guards who had not. 41 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 43 /H [ 644 180 ] /L 1392448 /E 429619 /N 6 /T 1391510 >> endobj xref 41 11 0000000016 00000 n PEF was measured on all days of the week and no correction for carryover effect was done. Smoking was recorded as "yes" for current smokers and "no" for nonsmokers and ex-smokers. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Facilities for cleaning boots and changing clothes should also be available. The observed negative effect of current smoking (-6.6%), although not significant, suggests that smokers react more to the acute dust exposure than nonsmokers (Table 4). In 2008 the total annual production capacity of these three factories was 1.75 million tonnes [15], and the total number of employees was about 2500. Skin contaminated where mixing, pouring, or other activities may endanger eyes (minimumsafety [5], who found a high prevalence of shortness of breath, stuffy nose and sneezing among exposed cement factory workers. A regression model including the number of years in high exposed sections (packing and crushing), current smoking and log-"total" dust exposure explained 25.4% (adjusted R2) of the variance in the percentage cross-shift change in PEF. high enough to prevent concrete from flowing in when workers must stand on the level of exposure, effects may range from redness to chemical burns 2020 Jan;93(1):77-85. doi: 10.1007/s00420-019-01465-w. Epub 2019 Aug 1. Am J Ind Med. Skin in contact with wet cement The result did not change when the analysis was done after excluding smokers. 2005, 79: 49-56. The introductory part of the questionnaire included age, years of education, years in other industry, years in different sections of the cement factory, use of respiratory protective gear, past respiratory diseases and smoking habits according to the British Medical Research Council questionnaire [17]. Bookshelf All 60 workers completed the interview and the ventilatory tests. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparing groups. minimize the amount of cement dust released. The range of employment years in the cement factory was 1-17 for the high exposed workers and 2-22 for the low exposed workers. Very few workers in the low exposed group reported acute respiratory symptoms (Table 3). in wet concrete and mortar include: The hazards of wet Cookies policy. J Occup Environ Med. one of the most widely used materials in construction. Without waterproof knee pads, kneeling on wet concrete can irritate This article Written consent was obtained from all participating workers. The average concentration of respirable dust in both factories was 0.8 mg/m(3) and 0.06 mg/m(3) for respirable silica. The impact of different approaches to exposure assessment on understanding non-malignant respiratory disease risk in taconite miners. Rev Environ Health. The condition gets worse until exposure J Occup Environ Med. The sampling pumps were calibrated before sampling using a rotameter. Mwaiselage J, Moen B, Brtveit M: Acute respiratory health effects among cement factory workers in Tanzania: an evaluation of a simple health surveillance tools.
trace amounts make them fit. http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/structural_steel/hazard/1175/weld-plasma-cut-air-arc-and-flame-cut-metal-eye-injury.html The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2466/10/19/prepub. ill health by skin contact, eye contact, or inhalation. The exposed production group comprised all workers from the crusher (n = 20) and packing sections (n = 22). trailer << /Size 52 /Info 37 0 R /Root 42 0 R /Prev 1391500 /ID[<8f64e964d1b4d881aaed0fd46a65db97><8f64e964d1b4d881aaed0fd46a65db97>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 42 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 36 0 R /FICL:Enfocus 38 0 R >> endobj 50 0 obj << /S 68 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 51 0 R >> stream J Allergy Clin Immunol. 0000002027 00000 n Correspondence to Al Neaimi YI, Gomes J, Lloyd O: Respiratory illnesses and ventilatory function among workers at a cement factory in a rapidly developing country. Med J Malaysia. The most common selection bias in occupational epidemiology is the healthy worker effect, which refers to overrepresentation of healthy workers in the exposed jobs while ill workers quit. Adv Biomed Res. BMC Pulmonary Medicine Dont wear The average cumulative dust exposure was 7.0 mg/m(3) year and cumulative silica exposure was 0.6 mg/m(3) year. When kneeling The .gov means its official. [5] also reported that the concentration of respirable dust by mass was approximately 40% of the "total" dust, suggesting that the mass fraction of larger particles is higher than that of smaller particles in cement dust. Further, each year of work in the packing or crusher section was associated with a decrease in cross-shift PEF of 0.80%.
as possible. Its deposition in the respiratory tract causes a basic reaction leading to increased pH values that irritates the exposed mucous membranes [17]. Contaminated eyes should be washed with cold tap water for at least 15 These Limestone and red soil are dried, ground, proportioned and homogenized before being transferred to rotary kilns to be burned. Although the findings in this factory cannot be generalized to modern cement factories, they might be representative of the situation in numerous cement factories using older technology in Ethiopia and other countries. But continuous contact between skin and wet concrete allows Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! from sweat or wet clothing reacts with the cement dust to form a caustic Logistic regression was not done on symptoms because of low numbers in the low exposed groups. in hazards and controls. 10.1539/joh.49.273. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. CAS The higher preshift PEF among the high exposed groups might be due to their young age compared with the control groups, as indicated by the correlation between preshift PEF and age. freedom there treason fighters america anti against state american international crime obama around plan forget block, have different sizes on hand to avoid cutting or hammering to In a cement factory in Ethiopia there was an association between respirable dust and peak expiratory flow recorded after shift [4]. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Prior to the fieldwork, the questionnaire was translated from English to Amharic and back-translated to English by two people. Provide adequate The level of awareness about occupational hazards among factory workers in Ethiopia is limited. [5] found that exposure to respirable dust was significantly correlated with percentage cross-shift decrease in peak expiratory flow (PEF) for 29 workers. generates high levels of dust. In the multiple linear regression model, the number of years of employment in the crusher and packing sections were associated with an increased percentage of cross-shift decrease in PEF.
say benjamin man he whose parking last name weird saying person concrete floors, walls, and pavement; concrete blocks; and different mixtures The log-transformed dust levels differed between the crusher, packing and guards (P < 0.0005). Risk of injury 10.1097/00043764-200009000-00016. The allergy usually 1977, Health and Safety Executive, London. Dusts containing crystalline silica are generated in mining, construction, glass, granite and concrete production industries. such exposure irritates the nose and throat and causes choking and difficult
summer 2001. (revised) Sanding, grinding, or cutting concrete can also release large breathing. Careers. to work with cement for years without any allergic skin reaction and then Workers may develop both skin and respiratory allergies to hexavalent This factory was selected because no previous study has been carried out to assess dust exposure and respiratory health effects at this location which was expected to be representative for the numerous cement factories still using older technology worldwide. For none-exposed populations PEF is normally reported to be lowest in the morning and highest in the mid-afternoon [22, 23]. ZKZ designed and conducted the study, undertook the analysis, made revisions to the manuscript after consultation with the other authors. The thoracic fraction of the total dust may provoke local responses in the tracheobronchial region of the lung [13]. Would you like email updates of new search results? 10.1093/annhyg/mei013. We thank the cement factory management and the workers for cooperating and participating in the study. Background: 2005, Massachusetts: Blackwell publishing, Book
When this test produced significant results, post-hoc comparisons using the Bonferroni test were used to explore differences between each of the groups. The prevalence of smoking among the workers was generally small and the same for both high exposed and low exposed groups. In the short term, First to suddenly develop such a reaction. Jimnez E, Linares C, Rodrguez LF, Bleda MJ, Daz J: Short-term impact of particulate matter (PM2.5) on daily mortality among the over-75 age group in Madrid (Spain). 2008, Cincinnati, Ohio:ACGIH, British Medical Research Council's committee (BMRC): Standardized questionnaire on respiratory symptoms. 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70189-1. The study design was explained to the management of the factory and to the workers participating in the study. during bag dumping or concrete cutting can also irritate the skin. Total dust deposits along the whole respiratory tract and might be associated with respiratory symptoms from the upper and lower airways. The highest prevalence of respiratory symptoms for the high exposed workers was stuffy nose (85%) followed by shortness of breath (47%) and "sneezing" (45%).
Cite this article. Case Report: Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica and Respiratory Health Among Australian Mine Workers. Fairhurst S, Phillips A, Gillies C, Brown RH: Portland cement dust: criteria document for an occupational exposure limit. such as lime (calcium oxide) that are corrosive to human tissue, trace amounts
The percentage cross-shift change in PEF and total dust exposure were significantly negatively correlated (Table 4, Fig. This may be due to better dust control measures at these workplaces in the United States. 2018 Aug 31;84(3):380-386. doi: 10.29024/aogh.2320. Cement dust released 2007, 49: 273-278. 8600 Rockville Pike In the crusher and packing sections, 95% and 60% of the "total" dust samples exceeded the TLV, respectively. When assuming that the concentration of respirable dust by mass in our study was also approximately 40% of the "total" dust, our regression equation predicts that the percentage cross-shift decrease in PEF would be 9% for a nonsmoker exposed to 26.5 mg/m3 "total" dust and with 11 years of work experience in high-exposure sections (Data not shown). last accessed on 29 October 2009, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200510040425.html], The Reporter: Production of new cement factories may exceed demand. skin layer. dust cement hazards health using cutting precautions dry risks controls portland elcosh generates levels Ironically, severe HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help map states state american america there national united many country anti against use A few studies [4, 5] have suggested a relationship between exposure to cement dust and acute, respiratory symptoms and changes in lung function.
The final product often has low concentrations of chromium [1]. Depending
the skin for a short period and then thoroughly washed off causes little
reactions, hexavalent chromium can cause a respiratory allergy called
Few studies have been carried out on acute effects of cement dust exposure. Portland cement is
None of the samples from the controls exceeded the TLV, probably because the guards were 500 metres from the production area and worked in the open air. BEM and MB participated on the design and analysis, conducted review and provided scientific support throughout the project and comments on the manuscript. A combined cross-sectional and cross-shift study was conducted in Dire Dawa cement factory in Ethiopia. FOIA Make sure to work The five-point acute respiratory symptom score was dichotomized into "no" for those who scored never and "yes" for those who scored mild, moderate, severe or very severe as very few reported severe and none reported very severe. Scatter plot for the relationship between "total" dust exposure and the percentage cross-shift decrease in PEF for cement factory workers ( n = 50). Abrons HL, Petersen MR, Sanderson WT, Engelberg AL, Harber P: Symptoms, ventilatory function, and environmental exposures in Portland cement workers.
Multiple linear regression showed a significant negative association between the percentage cross-shift change in PEF and total dust exposure. workers handling, using, or exposed to dry or wet cement must be educated Exposure to airborne This may be caused by increased sensitivity of the airways related to long-term cement dust exposure in general or by hypersensitivity to specific components such as the trace amounts of chromium present in the cement dust, and might be a sign of chronic negative health effects. [5] found a 14% percentage cross-shift decrease in PEF for a nonsmoker, working for about 11 years and exposed to 10.6 mg/m3 of respirable dust. Further, healthy workers may be selected into the high-exposure jobs. 1988, 45: 368-75.
We have used the threshold limit value (TLV) from the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists for total dust of 10 mg/m3 [16] as an occupational exposure limit. 0000001181 00000 n But anyone who The highest geometric mean dust exposure was found in the crusher section (38.6 mg/m3) followed by the packing section (18.5 mg/m3) and the guards (0.4 mg/m3). This is similar to the conditions in a cement plant in Nigeria, where the workers did not use any protective devices such as respirators, goggles or gloves [20]. The health risks posed by inhaled dust particles are influenced by the deposition pattern of the particles in the various regions of the respiratory tract and by the biological responses exerted by the deposited dust particles. degree burn - outer PubMed dust may cause immediate or delayed irritation of the eyes. Article Thousands of construction solution. The number of years of work in high-exposure sections and current smoking were also associated with cross-shift decrease in PEF. The resulting clinker is pulverized with gypsum at the cement grinding mill to make Portland cement or mixed with additives to make cement with various properties [1, 2]. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Respiratory Effects of Simultaneous Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica Dust, Formaldehyde, and Triethylamine of a Group of Foundry Workers. Google Scholar. The study was carried out among 144 concrete workers, from two factories, with exposure assessment of respirable dust and silica by personal samplers. Moisture CAS Applications include irritation. The large ranges of exposure in both the crusher and packing sections may be due to different activities or tasks among the workers on the sampling days. Results of respiratory questionnaires and standardized measurements of lung function were compared with the results in a control population. Terms and Conditions, and skin grafts. result may be first, second, or third degree burns or skin ulcers. Afr Newslett Occup Health Safety. The product is largely calcium silicates, aluminates and alumino-ferrites. The following are Contingency tables were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. soak through coveralls. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. government site. Kc R, Shukla SD, Gautam SS, Hansbro PM, O'Toole RF. One person translated the questionnaire from English to Amharic, and another person translated back to English and then compared according to standard procedures. Multiple linear regression analysis was used in selecting factors that predict (age and standing height standardized residual) lung function. Zarei F, Rezazadeh Azari M, Salehpour S, Khodakarim S, Omidi L, Tavakol E. J Res Health Sci. percentage of all workers using cement will develop an allergy to chromium,
1984, 33: 379-85. Below are the links to the authors original submitted files for images. Article Waterproof rubber boots are essential in working with wet concrete. 0000000644 00000 n cement and cement mixtures, workers should wear: Under the Workplace The site is secure. such as rings and watches because wet cement can collect under them. "7\D auQUW}@_`{oxl%9_RJ:(paTF.z?!.dkdQ:g&:kcLZ9cZ,Msuf7;F:ou;3QFo8B{!KO_)WHgW?11U_[l1j*%)3k-_sd(}JIx$Y*1 +T\Zd9_`,dNe|j55k k/5j-SO CMjr>qNQ4bF)r\ei0pN0QgNyQWGk+m~s:9/:srw}YUY{nLqf2oJ ) bSw"X{|]o{-;Y\-l[|y{[h%}3={\))[vo~~{*=SOm}tZIA5eZb}K`pKzJ[1=[fh Environ Res. The relationship between exposure and PEF was analysed using multiple linear regression. Clothing contaminated Though we didn't adjust for age, the relatively young workers in the production had a higher prevalence of acute respiratory symptoms compared to the older, low exposed guards.
Symptoms include wheezing and difficulty breathing. In Ethiopia, as a result of high unemployment rate, workers are probably more likely to continue work even when having reduced health. Zeleke, Z.K., Moen, B.E. Although we can not exclude healthy worker effect also in Ethiopia, it is presumably of less importance than observed in high-income countries. The workers were interviewed instead of being asked to complete a questionnaire, as their reading skills were not known. Everyone studied was male, as no women are employed in production. In the packing section, one worker did not volunteer to participate in the study and one worker was not on duty, thus leaving 20 workers from the packing section in the final study population. Total dust was measured quantitatively by gravimetric analysis at X-lab AS (Bergen, Norway), which has passed the Norwegian intercalibration test for dust sample analysis. 10.1097/01.jom.0000131787.02250.79. with wet or dry cement should be washed with cold running water as soon The high exposed group had significantly higher preshift PEF value than the low exposed group (Table 3). Noor H, Yap CL, Zolkepli O, Faridah M: Effect of exposure to dust on lung function of cement factory workers. PubMedGoogle Scholar.
The sections in the cement production process include crusher, crane, raw mill, kiln, cement mill and packing. The demand for cement in East Africa is increasing due to new investments in the region's poor infrastructure, notably roads in Kenya and the rebuilding of war-torn southern Sudan and Burundi, as well as Rwanda and Uganda [14]. 1998, 34: 373-80. Cement dust exposure and acute lung function: A cross shift study, http://allafrica.com/stories/200510040425.html, http://en.ethiopianreporter.com/content/view/18/26/, http://www.chestnet.org/education/online/abim/practice/vol12/lesson11.php, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2466/10/19/prepub, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. BMC Pulm Med 10, 19 (2010). Workers performing cleaning activities had higher dust levels compared to other workers in the production sections (Table 1), but they were too few to constitute a separate group for analyzing respiratory effects. knees from water that can soak through fabric. Further, the level in the packing section was higher than that in a Malaysian cement factory (GM: 2.1 mg/m3) [9] but similar to the level in Tanzania (GM: 21.3 mg/m3) [19]. and transmitted securely. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Executive, Cement, Construction Information Sheet No 26
This site needs JavaScript to work properly. periods. 1999, 159: 1163-1171. statement and Independent and dependent t-tests were used to compare continuous variables. Although the postshift PEF did not differ between the groups, the percentage change in PEF (PEF%) across the shift differed significantly between the groups (Table 3). The exposure data were log normally distributed and were log transformed when comparing the levels between the groups and when analysing the relationship between exposure and PEF. This study is conducted to investigate the associations between current "total" dust exposure and acute respiratory symptoms and respiratory function among cement factory workers. Abrons HL, Petersen MR, Sanderson WT, Engelberg AL, Harber P: Chest radiography in Portland cement workers.
Cross-shift change in PEF declined in the high exposed groups (P = 0.003), whereas cross-shift change in PEF increased among the low exposed workers (P = 0.004). and the safe working procedures necessary to minimize exposure. Article 0000001040 00000 n is absorbed by the workers pants and held against the skin for prolonged injuries can take several months to heal and may involve hospitalization Its possible program inter man event A walk-through survey was conducted twice daily to check the flow rate of the dust sampler pumps and to observe whether exposed workers in the crusher and packing sections used a respiratory mask or not. The workers were classified into two exposure groups according to the expected exposure to cement dust. glasses with sideshields or goggles, under extremely dusty conditions,
Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. By using this website, you agree to our should be washed. In each section sampling was performed in accordance with the order of names in the alphabetical list from the factory. Where possible, on fresh concrete, use a dry board or waterproof kneepads to protect Clin Transl Med. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine 1997, 7: 8-9. No repeated measurements were done. in fresh concrete, suitable respiratory Springer Nature. Epub 2014 May 26. Ann Occup Hyg. silica exposure and lung cancer. MeSH chromium. 40 exposed production workers from the crusher and packing sections and 20 controls from the guards were included. PMC long sleeves and full-length trousers (pull sleeves down over gloves PubMed protective equipment such as a P, N or R 95 respirator when cement dust 10.1007/s00420-005-0019-x. Wet concrete may get trapped inside rubber boots or gloves or gradually Our results indicate that, concrete workers with chronic obstructive pulmonary symptoms and/or work-related lower respiratory symptoms are at risk of having a reduction in lung function (FEV&(1)/FVC ratio) outside the 5th percentile of the external reference population, and therefore, of mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, at respirable concrete dust levels below 1 mg/m(3) with a respirable crystalline silica content of 10% (TWA, 8 hr). of crystalline silica which is abrasive to the skin and can damage lungs. upwind from dust sources. depends on duration and level of exposure and individual sensitivity. Results: Within each of these sections exposure was highest during cleaning tasks (Table 1). Occup Med (Lond). Hence it is unlikely to affect the analysis. Some workers become with symptoms ranging from a mild rash to severe skin ulcers.
cement are due to its caustic, abrasive, and drying properties. Fell AKM, Skkeland LIB, Svendsen MV, Kongerud J: Airway inflammation in cement production workers. 0000001202 00000 n and blindness. Google Scholar. During the study period about 34,000 tonnes of cement was produced annually by 320 workers with one day shift of 8 hours. or repeated exposure can lead to a disabling and often fatal lung disease Cement dust irritates the skin, the mucous membrane of the eyes and the respiratory system. of mortar and grout. with suitable dressings. Further studies to investigate the possible sensitizing effects of cement are needed. Google Scholar. Nocardial brain abscess in a patient with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The study was approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics, Western Norway and the Haramaya University Ethics Committee in Ethiopia. cant be avoided. Mwaiselage et al. When wet concrete 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.06.038. coveralls with Prolonged The results did not change significantly when employment years in the quarry and cement mill sections were added to the number of years in high exposed sections. outlines those hazards and makes recommendations on how to use cement
0000002051 00000 n "Total" dust was collected on pre-weighed cellulose acetate filters with a pore size of 0.8 m placed in a closed face 37-mm filter cassette (Millipore) connected to an SKC sidekick pump with a flow rate of 2.0 l/min. last accessed on 7 Dec 2009, [http://www.chestnet.org/education/online/abim/practice/vol12/lesson11.php]. volume10, Articlenumber:19 (2010) This should be evaluated further in future longitudinal studies. PubMed
workers are exposed to concrete every day without harm. Br J Ind Med. Google Scholar. lasts a lifetime and prevents any future work with wet concrete or powder Total cement dust exposure was related to acute respiratory symptoms and acute ventilatory effects. eCollection 2022. J Occp Health. Except for cough, the high exposed workers had significantly higher prevalence for all the acute respiratory symptoms than the low exposed workers (Table 3). Zeyede K Zeleke. use ready-mixed concrete instead of mixing on site. tight-fitting unvented or indirectly vented goggles. The results of the acute respiratory symptom scores are in agreement with Mwaiselage et al. have had their knees severely burned. Ethiopia is no exception. The percentage acute cross-shift change in PEF was calculated as [(postshift PEF - preshift PEF)/preshift PEF] times 100. map step fuck key sis state court take freedom states united american head america national getting man 2021 fighters medical last accessed on 18 December 2009, [http://en.ethiopianreporter.com/content/view/18/26/], ACGIH: Threshold Limit Values for Chemical substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Post-hoc comparisons indicated no significant difference in exposure level between the crusher and the packing sections, and they were merged and defined as the high-exposed group. Methods: Peak flow: myths and truths. and concrete out), waterproof boots in well-ventilated areas. 10.1097/00043764-199711000-00005.
Eighty-two percent of the high exposed workers and 70% of the low exposed workers had post-primary education. The reduced postshift PEF values in the crusher and packing sections were presumably due to the high concentration of dust in the working environment, in agreement with previous cement studies [4, 5]. To protect skin from Where possible, However, they had been working only for a year or less and we found no significant difference in cross-shift changes between guards who had previously worked in the production and guards who had not. 41 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 43 /H [ 644 180 ] /L 1392448 /E 429619 /N 6 /T 1391510 >> endobj xref 41 11 0000000016 00000 n PEF was measured on all days of the week and no correction for carryover effect was done. Smoking was recorded as "yes" for current smokers and "no" for nonsmokers and ex-smokers. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Facilities for cleaning boots and changing clothes should also be available. The observed negative effect of current smoking (-6.6%), although not significant, suggests that smokers react more to the acute dust exposure than nonsmokers (Table 4). In 2008 the total annual production capacity of these three factories was 1.75 million tonnes [15], and the total number of employees was about 2500. Skin contaminated where mixing, pouring, or other activities may endanger eyes (minimumsafety [5], who found a high prevalence of shortness of breath, stuffy nose and sneezing among exposed cement factory workers. A regression model including the number of years in high exposed sections (packing and crushing), current smoking and log-"total" dust exposure explained 25.4% (adjusted R2) of the variance in the percentage cross-shift change in PEF. high enough to prevent concrete from flowing in when workers must stand on the level of exposure, effects may range from redness to chemical burns 2020 Jan;93(1):77-85. doi: 10.1007/s00420-019-01465-w. Epub 2019 Aug 1. Am J Ind Med. Skin in contact with wet cement The result did not change when the analysis was done after excluding smokers. 2005, 79: 49-56. The introductory part of the questionnaire included age, years of education, years in other industry, years in different sections of the cement factory, use of respiratory protective gear, past respiratory diseases and smoking habits according to the British Medical Research Council questionnaire [17]. Bookshelf All 60 workers completed the interview and the ventilatory tests. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparing groups. minimize the amount of cement dust released. The range of employment years in the cement factory was 1-17 for the high exposed workers and 2-22 for the low exposed workers. Very few workers in the low exposed group reported acute respiratory symptoms (Table 3). in wet concrete and mortar include: The hazards of wet Cookies policy. J Occup Environ Med. one of the most widely used materials in construction. Without waterproof knee pads, kneeling on wet concrete can irritate This article Written consent was obtained from all participating workers. The average concentration of respirable dust in both factories was 0.8 mg/m(3) and 0.06 mg/m(3) for respirable silica. The impact of different approaches to exposure assessment on understanding non-malignant respiratory disease risk in taconite miners. Rev Environ Health. The condition gets worse until exposure J Occup Environ Med. The sampling pumps were calibrated before sampling using a rotameter. Mwaiselage J, Moen B, Brtveit M: Acute respiratory health effects among cement factory workers in Tanzania: an evaluation of a simple health surveillance tools.
trace amounts make them fit. http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/structural_steel/hazard/1175/weld-plasma-cut-air-arc-and-flame-cut-metal-eye-injury.html The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2466/10/19/prepub. ill health by skin contact, eye contact, or inhalation. The exposed production group comprised all workers from the crusher (n = 20) and packing sections (n = 22). trailer << /Size 52 /Info 37 0 R /Root 42 0 R /Prev 1391500 /ID[<8f64e964d1b4d881aaed0fd46a65db97><8f64e964d1b4d881aaed0fd46a65db97>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 42 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 36 0 R /FICL:Enfocus 38 0 R >> endobj 50 0 obj << /S 68 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 51 0 R >> stream J Allergy Clin Immunol. 0000002027 00000 n Correspondence to Al Neaimi YI, Gomes J, Lloyd O: Respiratory illnesses and ventilatory function among workers at a cement factory in a rapidly developing country. Med J Malaysia. The most common selection bias in occupational epidemiology is the healthy worker effect, which refers to overrepresentation of healthy workers in the exposed jobs while ill workers quit. Adv Biomed Res. BMC Pulmonary Medicine Dont wear The average cumulative dust exposure was 7.0 mg/m(3) year and cumulative silica exposure was 0.6 mg/m(3) year. When kneeling The .gov means its official. [5] also reported that the concentration of respirable dust by mass was approximately 40% of the "total" dust, suggesting that the mass fraction of larger particles is higher than that of smaller particles in cement dust. Further, each year of work in the packing or crusher section was associated with a decrease in cross-shift PEF of 0.80%.
as possible. Its deposition in the respiratory tract causes a basic reaction leading to increased pH values that irritates the exposed mucous membranes [17]. Contaminated eyes should be washed with cold tap water for at least 15 These Limestone and red soil are dried, ground, proportioned and homogenized before being transferred to rotary kilns to be burned. Although the findings in this factory cannot be generalized to modern cement factories, they might be representative of the situation in numerous cement factories using older technology in Ethiopia and other countries. But continuous contact between skin and wet concrete allows Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! from sweat or wet clothing reacts with the cement dust to form a caustic Logistic regression was not done on symptoms because of low numbers in the low exposed groups. in hazards and controls. 10.1539/joh.49.273. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. CAS The higher preshift PEF among the high exposed groups might be due to their young age compared with the control groups, as indicated by the correlation between preshift PEF and age. freedom there treason fighters america anti against state american international crime obama around plan forget block, have different sizes on hand to avoid cutting or hammering to In a cement factory in Ethiopia there was an association between respirable dust and peak expiratory flow recorded after shift [4]. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Prior to the fieldwork, the questionnaire was translated from English to Amharic and back-translated to English by two people. Provide adequate The level of awareness about occupational hazards among factory workers in Ethiopia is limited. [5] found that exposure to respirable dust was significantly correlated with percentage cross-shift decrease in peak expiratory flow (PEF) for 29 workers. generates high levels of dust. In the multiple linear regression model, the number of years of employment in the crusher and packing sections were associated with an increased percentage of cross-shift decrease in PEF.
say benjamin man he whose parking last name weird saying person concrete floors, walls, and pavement; concrete blocks; and different mixtures The log-transformed dust levels differed between the crusher, packing and guards (P < 0.0005). Risk of injury 10.1097/00043764-200009000-00016. The allergy usually 1977, Health and Safety Executive, London. Dusts containing crystalline silica are generated in mining, construction, glass, granite and concrete production industries. such exposure irritates the nose and throat and causes choking and difficult
