The residue profile of the applied pesticide may have been altered on the basis of the nature of the modification. Summary of Cry1Ac protein concentration in soybean leaf tissues collected from MON87701MON89788 in comparison to MON87701 grown in Argentina during 20072008 [73], Number of samples per OSL: 14 for MON87701 and 15 for MON87701MON89034 (see also list of abbreviations). GM herbicide-resistant crops can change the way that herbicides can be used on these crops, for example: (a) post-emergent over-the-top applications (i.e. In general, the level of residues is likely to increase due to increasing problems with herbicide-resistant weeds [76]. Guimaraes V, Drumare MF, Lereclus D, Gohar M, Lamourette P, Nevers MC, Vaisanentunkelrott ML, Bernard H, Guillon B, Crminon C, Wal JM, Adel-Patient K. In vitro digestion of Cry1Ab proteins and analysis of the impact on their immunoreactivity. Disclosed via EFSA public access to documents request, not publicly available, Rice E, McLain S, Bannon G (2009) Two-dimensional western blot analysis of protein extracts prepared from MON 89788 and conventional control A3244 soybean using sera from soybean-allergic patients. Such products could reach the market without any further risk assessment.
Application for authorisation to place on the market MON 89788 soybean in the European Union, according to Regulation (EC) No. Thus, the combinatorial effects between the effects of glyphosate and the Bt toxins need to be assessed in more detail.
Thus, Bt toxins are not likely to be degraded rapidly in the gut and can persist in larger amounts until digestion is complete and there is enough time for interaction between various food compounds.
McLain S, Rice E, Meng C, Bannon G (2009) Quantitative ELISA assessment of human IgE binding to MON 87701, control, and reference soybean using sera from soybean-allergic subjects Application for authorisation to place on the market MON 87701 soybean in the European Union, according to Regulation (EC) No. the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Departments & Units / If the methods used particularly focus on the conservation of protein quality in the soybeans, this could result in the structure and function of the Bt toxin being preserved in food and feed. Dr. Subba Reddy PalliDepartment Chair & State EntomologistS-225 Agricultural Science Center NorthLexington, KY 40546-0091859.257.7450entchair@uky.edu, UK Entomology: Vision, Mission, & Core Values, Nancy Cox, Ph.D. Gallagher L (2010) Bt Brinjal Event EE1the scope and adequacy of the GEAC toxicological risk assessment: review of oral toxicity studies in rats. Benbrook C. Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally. To add a trait to a crop plant, the gene must be inserted along with some additional genetic material. Overview of some combinatorial effects of Bt toxins known to enhance toxicity. However, potential impacts from the consumption of products derived from soybean MON89788 and Intacta on the hormonal system of mammals were not investigated.
Within minutes, the protein binds to the gut wall and the insect stops feeding. The case of the Intacta soybeans highlights several regulatory problems with Bt soybean plants in the EU. Thongprakaisang S, Thiantanawat A, Rangkadilok N, Suriyo T, Satayavivad J. Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells growth via estrogen receptors. To summarise, based on the current data, it is not possible to determine exposure to Bt toxins within the food and feed chain, although this would be directly relevant for the assessment of risks to the immune system as well as for other potential effects. Very limited conclusions can be drawn on the factual exposure of consumers and animals if the soy is used in food and feed because there are no data on the effects from any other technical treatments used to process soybeans. doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2013.EN-527. Furthermore, herbicide-tolerant plants are engineered to survive the application of the complementary herbicide, while most other plants will die after a short time. Extension / Testbiotech, Institute for Independent Impact Assessment in Biotechnology, Frohschammerstr. A GMO is a plant or animal that has been genetically modified through the addition of a small amount of genetic material from other organisms through molecular techniques. Further EFSA guidance [65] requires specific investigations to exclude risks for children and elderly people if risks concerning the immune system have to be assessed: The specific risk of potential allergenicity of GM products in infants as well as individuals with impaired digestive functions (e.g. Thus, EFSA was unable to deliver a conclusive risk assessment on the actual risks of residues from spraying with glyphosate and the various glyphosate formulations used in the countries where such plants are cultivated. For example, the promoter may cause to protein to be expressed in certain parts of the plants or only during a particular period of time. [72] show that the stress reactions of maize MON810 are not predictable. In general, each processing company might also prefer to vary the standardised methods, since the goal of the processing is not only to degrade anti-nutritional compounds, such as trypsin-inhibitors, but also to produce a food or feed product with high quality proteins and healthy compounds, such as isoflavones [34]. Interaction with environmental stressors and extreme weather conditions relevant in times of climate change, such as drought, can also impact the Bt concentration in the plants [69]. Certainly, the absence of specific receptors in mammalian species is not sufficient to conclude that Bt proteins are not toxic for them. While this publication cannot provide a final conclusion, it allows the development of some robust hypotheses that should be investigated further before such plants can be considered to be safe for health and the environment. Several combinatorial mechanisms that can enhance the toxicity of Bt toxins have thus far been described; these are also relevant for the risk assessment of plants expressing these toxins. As known from other casessuch as MON810 (a genetically engineered maize expressing Cry1Ab Bt toxin), independent research [71] has shown that the data provided by industry do not show the true range of variation of Bt toxins in the plants. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways defend against bacterial pore-forming toxins. We have compared the opinion published by EFSA [1] with findings from other publications in the scientific literature. Therefore, the data regarding residues from spraying glyphosate on the genetically engineered soybeans do not meet the requirements of Regulation 1107/2009 or Regulation 396/2005. Adamczyk JJ, Jr, Perera O, Meredith WR. Rubio-Infante N, Moreno-Fierros L. An overview of the safety and biological effects of, Moreno-Fierros L, Ruiz-Medina EJ, Esquivel R, Lpez-Revilla R, Pia-Cruz S. Intranasal Cry1Ac protoxin is an effective mucosal and systemic carrier and adjuvant of, Moreno-Fierros L, Garca N, Gutirrez R, Lpez-Revilla R, Vzquez-Padrn RI. Contributions of gut bacteria to, Johnston PR, Crickmore N. Gut bacteria are not required for the insecticidal activity of, Mason KL, Stepien TA, Blum JE, Holt JF, Labbe NH, Rush JS, Raffa KF, Handelsman J. 
Walsh MC, Buzoianu SG, Gardiner GE, Rea MC, Gelencser E, Janosi A, Epstein MM, Ross RP, Lawlor PG. No data on the potential impacts of Intacta soybeans on the intestinal microbiome have been published so far. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Further and in general, stacked events displaying a high degree of complexity due to possible interactions should not undergo a lower level of risk assessment than the parental plants. Herbicide and antibiotic tolerance promoters are commonly used to identify transformed plants. Currently, genetically modified foods in the United States do not require special labeling to notify consumers. Another view on Bt proteinshow specific are they and what else might they do? Most of these standard methods work with temperatures much lower than 190C. However, there is a lack of reliable data covering the actual range of residue load in the plants [79]. Moreover, truncation and mutagenesis of synthetic toxins might alter their range of toxicity compared with the native toxins. Effects of Bt toxins on the immune system have been identified in different species and via different routes, including whole food dietary administration. The relevant data available in this regard (see Table2) are derived from a small number of samples and from only one season. An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12302-017-0107-z. They classify Cry1Ac as a potent mucosal and systemic immunogen and adjuvant [36, 53]. 
However, there is also evidence that Bt proteins can exert toxicity by different modes of action, which are not as yet fully understood [7]. Although submitted as regulatory documents, none of the studies met the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) quality standards [6062]. Sharma HC, Sharma KK, Crouch JH. Two examples are mentioned here briefly: There is a considerable amount of literature indicating that glyphosate formulations can act as so-called endocrine disruptors (see, for example, [8689]).
A basic prerequisite for risk assessment in this context is the availability of valid and reliable data on residue loads from spraying with herbicides. (4) Specific attention should be paid to the herbicide residues and their interaction with Bt toxins. [16] show that Bt toxins can bind not only to specific receptors, but to various proteins that do not have many similarities with each other. Thus, for example, residues of glyphosate, its metabolites and additives to the formulated product might accumulate and interact in the plants, also changing the plants composition [78]. For example, Kramarz et al. Priority should be given to developing more targeted approaches. In their native form, a subgroup of Bt toxins, classified as Cry toxins, are mostly regarded as safe for human health and the environment because of their mode of action, that requires a basic pH and some specific receptors and enzymes [4]. Growth, development and survival of. Secondly, soybeans produce many plant allergens, and there is a specific risk that the Bt protein can enhance the immune system response to these compounds at the consumption stage. The data from these studies showed a range of uncertainties such as significant changes in body weight [2]. Huffmann DL, Abrami L, Sasik R, Corbeil J, van der Goot G, Aroian RV. Intranasal, rectal and intraperitoneal immunization with protoxin Cry1Ac from, Moreno-Fierros L, Prez-Ordez I, Palomar-Morales M. Slight influence of the estrous cycle stage on the mucosal and systemic specific antibody response induced after vaginal and intraperitoneal immunization with protoxin Cry1Ac from. Examples of GMO field crops include Bt-potatoes, Bt-corn, Bt-sweet corn, Roundup Ready soybeans, Roundup Ready Corn, and Liberty Link corn. Immune system responses have also been shown for fish [49, 50]. Monsanto also provided data on allergenicity [1, 2]. After undergoing risk assessment by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the stacked event was authorised for import into the EU in June 2012, including for use in food and feed. Palma L, Muoz D, Berry C, Murillo J, Caballero P. Zhang X, Candas M, Griko NB, Rose-Young L, Bulla LA., Jr A mechanism of cell death involving an adenylyl cyclase/PKA signaling pathway is induced by the Cry1Ab toxin of, Soberon A, Gill SS, Bravo A. This review discusses the health risks associated with Bt toxins present in these genetically engineered plants and the residues left from spraying with the complementary herbicide. While Bt toxins are expressed in several genetically engineered maize and cotton plant events, MON87701 and its stack MON87701MON89788 are the first Bt soybean varieties cultivated in countries, such as Brazil and Argentina, to be given authorisation for import into the EU. CT drafted the manuscript, ABP revised the manuscript. 1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed, document MSL0022169. It is surprising therefore that EFSA accepted these studies: As the minutes of a meeting of the working group (WG) Self Task on Allergenicity from 24 September 2007 show, experts from EFSA had serious doubts about the reliability of investigations with sera from patients with known allergic reaction to soybeans as performed in this case. (2) It is known that Bt toxins have immunogenic properties; since soybeans naturally contain many allergens, these immunogenic properties raise specific questions. Zhang J, Wang C, Qin J. It is during the larval stage when most of the damage by European corn borer occurs. In general, the method as described by Bell [74] cannot be considered to be sufficient to assess the effect of processing on the concentration of Bt proteins in the plant. Genetically engineered plants, Bt toxins, Herbicide residues, Health effects, Risk assessment. The endocrine disruptor effect of atrazine and glyphosate on. Many experts indirectly contributed to this article by sharing their expertise. It is known that changes in the structure of the protein can have considerable influence on the toxicity of the Bt proteins [7]. [63] did not make any statement on GLP. For example, corn produced through biotechnology is being used in many familiar foods, including corn meal and tortilla chips. In addition, a study commissioned by EFSA [68] shows that the in vitro pepsin tests used to date are not likely to provide reliable results. Since soybeans also produce a number of plant oestrogens with hormonal activity [90], there might be some synergistic or additive interaction with the residues from spraying with glyphosate formulations. Further, and more specifically in regard to Intacta soybeans, it has to be taken into account that the Cry protein expressed in the soybeans might be much more resistant to degradation than that expressed in maize, due to the occurrence of a higher level of proteinase inhibitors. EFSA also stated in 2015 [84], that the safety of residues from spraying glyphosate formulations could not be concluded on the data provided by the company. In general, the concept of comparative risk assessment needs some major revision. It remains a matter of discussion whether the standards currently applied by EFSA meet the requirements for risk assessment as defined in EU regulations such as 1829/2003 and Directive 2001/18. S123 Ag Science North A long-term toxicology study on pigs fed a combined genetically modified (GM) soy and GM maize diet. Gmez IG, Snchez JS, Munoz-Garay C, Matus V, Gill SS, Sobron M, Bravo A. Pigott CR, Ellar DJ. In addition, Bhn et al. Shehata AA, Schrdl W, Aldin AA, Hafez HM, Krger M. The effect of glyphosate on potential pathogens and beneficial members of poultry microbiota in vitro. Some of the gaps in the current understanding of the mode of action of Bt toxins and their importance for general risk assessment in non-target organisms were pointed out by Lvei et al. Furthermore, residues from spraying with herbicide formulas based on glyphosate are particularly relevant as additional stressors, since these residues can be expected to be present in most soybeans harvested from Intacta. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Burnham LL, Kim IH, Hancock JD, Lewis AJ. [18]: Even well-studied Cry toxins have an incompletely determined range of toxicity. Bt-corn is a type of genetically modified organism, termed GMO. Furthermore, combinatorial effects that can emerge from the stacked event were completely left out of risk assessment. Since this might not be feasible, the WG has to consider the reliability of studies with a lower number of sera.
Kraemer L (2012) The consumption of genetically modified plants and the potential presence of herbicide residues. Federal food law requires premarket approval for food additives, whether or not they are the products of biotechnology. Pesticide recommendations in this publication are registered for use in Kentucky, USA ONLY! Lexington, KY 40546-0091 Received 2016 Oct 10; Accepted 2016 Dec 15. This protein is called the Bt delta endotoxin. EFSA did not, however, request further feeding studies over a longer period of time. Detection of corn intrinsic and recombinant DNA fragments and Cry1Ab protein in the gastrointestinal contents of pigs fed genetically modified corn Bt11. EFSA Supporting Publications 10(12):EN-527. Production of mRNA from the cry1Ac transgene differs among Bollgard lines which correlates to the level of subsequent protein. It is known that slight differences in the method/protocol used in measuring using ELISA can lead to huge differences in the results [6]. Thus, selectivity of Bt toxins as expected from experiments with organisms exposed to the Bt toxins alone might not be observed in combination with other stressors. In addition, corn is used to make high fructose corn syrup, which is used as a sweetener in many foods such as soft drinks and baked goods. In addition, Walsh et al. There are several methods, such as micronisation, roasting, expanding, extrusion or hydrothermal processing, that all work with different temperatures and durations [33]. The effect of glyphosate on digestion and horizontal gene transfer during in vitro ruminal fermentation of genetically modified canola. However, this does not mean that if a pesticide is authorised for use in the EU, that no further investigation of the residues from spraying with the complementary herbicide is needed. Taken together, the role of some of the receptors in delivering the toxicity in target organisms seems to be well established. The amount of residues depends on the specific agronomic management used in the cultivation of the herbicide-resistant plants. FOIA (3) Fully evaluated and reliable protocols are needed to determine the Bt concentration in the plants, in addition to a comprehensive set of data on gene expression under varying environmental conditions. 3. Some of the findings are discussed in the relevant passages below. Application for authorisation to place on the market MON 87701 soybean in the European Union, according to Regulation (EC) No. Cuhra M. Review of GMO safety assessment studies: glyphosate residues in Roundup Ready crops is an ignored issue. Disclosed via EFSA public access to documents request, not publicly available, Rice EA, Bannon GA (2006) Assessment of human IgE binding to glyphosate-tolerant secomd generation soybean MON 89788, control, and reference soy extracts. Further, detailed data on the effects of processing and intestinal degradation are needed to assess the exposure of the food chain to Bt toxins. Strategies to improve the insecticidal activity of Cry toxins from. Genetic transformation of crops for insect resistance: potential and limitations. Within hours, the gut wall breaks down and normal gut bacteria invade the body cavity. [7] summarise that oligomerisation in most cases depends on specific receptors, but at least toxicity in some mutant Bt proteins does not require these.
This is especially relevant in the case of glyphosate: A study published in 2015 by IARC [81] claimed that glyphosate is probably carcinogenic to humans. In the case of the genetically engineered soybeans MON87701 and the stacked event Intacta, there have been no independent and systematic investigations to determine the Bt concentration in varying environmental conditions. 1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed, document MSL0021374. Additive or synergistic effects of Bt toxins in combination with other stressors are also relevant for the health risk assessment of Intacta soybeans. It remains a matter of debate whether the standards currently applied by the risk assessor, EFSA, and the risk manager, the EU Commission, meet the standards for risk analysis defined in EU regulations such as 1829/2003 and Directive 2001/18. An official website of the United States government. Quantitative analysis of the seasonal and tissue-specific expression of Cry1Ab in transgenic maize Mon810. 1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed, document RAR-08-186. There are also uncertainties around the precise role of multiple putative receptors identified for individual toxins [9]. Application for authorisation to place on the market MON 89788 soybean in the European Union, according to Regulation (EC) No. In a further publication [56], it is shown in more detail how Cry1Ac induces macrophage activation. A simple question in a complex environment: how much Bt toxin do genetically engineered MON810 maize plants actually produce? Glyphosate resistance: state of knowledge. The interactions between soybean trypsin inhibitor and -endotoxin of, Zhu YC, Abel CA, Chen MS. Interaction of Cry1Ac toxin (, Pardo-Lpez L, Muoz-Garay C, Porta H, Rodrguez-Almazn C, Sobern M, Bravo A. Further, the data presented do not show the true range of variations of Bt toxins in the plants grown under various environmental conditions. Some of these effects seem to occur where there are high concentrations and tend to become stronger after several days. the trypsin-inhibitor [32]. EFSA, European Food Safety Authority b) Statement of EFSA on the request for the evaluation of the toxicological assessment of the co-formulant POE-tallowamine. ENTFACT-130:Bt-Corn - What It Is and How It Works | Download PDF. [85] show that additive effects of several Cry toxins and Cry toxins interact with Roundup/glyphosate when co-exposed. As far as the MON87701 modified soybean is concerned, the only empirical investigation on immune system responses to this soybean provided by the applicant was carried out with 13 samples from sera from patients with known allergic reaction to soybeans [60, 61]. There is a further requirement for data relating to the effect processing has on the Bt proteins under a sufficiently broad range of technical conditions. In addition, Rice et al. Kitami M, Kadotani T, Nakanishi K, Atsumi S, Higurashi S, Ishizaka T, Watanabe A, Sato R. Frankenhuyzen K. Insecticidal activity of. Reuter T, Alexander TW, Martinez TF, McAllister TA. The degradation of these proteinase inhibitors in the soybeans will depend on the method of heat processing. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Most organisms have thousands of genes, a single gene represents only a tiny fraction of the total genetic makeup of an organism. Sagstad A, Sanden M, Haugland , Hansen AC, Olsvik PA, Hemre GI. de Liz Oliveira Cavalli VL, Cattani D, Heinz Rieg CE, Pierozan P, Zanatta L, Benedetti Parisotto E, Filhoc DW, Silva Mena Barreto FR, Pessoa-Pureurb R, Zamoner A. Roundup disrupts male reproductive functions by triggering calcium-mediated cell death in rat testis and Sertoli cells. Implications of GM-crop cultivation at large spatial scales, Theorie in der kologie 14. The publication was filed at a late stage of the proceedings and can not have any impact on the upcoming decision. Chowdhury EH, Kuribara H, Hino A, Sultana P, Mikami O, Shimada N, Guruge KS, Saito M, Nakajima Y. Careers. In general, the risk assessment of genetically engineered herbicide-resistant plants currently performed by EFSA is divided into the assessment of the plant performed by the GMO-panel, and assessment of the pesticide performed by the pesticide panel. Disclosed via EFSA public access to documents request, not publicly available, Bell E, Brown,GR, Rice,EA (2008) Immunodetection of Cry1Ac Protein in MON 87701 ground seed following heat treatment. EFSA European Food Safety Authority EFSA panel on genetically modified organisms (GMO); scientific opinion on the assessment of allergenicity of GM plants and microorganisms and derived food and feed. At the same time, the data provided by the applicant do not appear sufficient to draw final conclusions: For example, an acute toxicity study with a high dosage of the isolated Bt toxin in mice [2]. Disclosed via EFSA public access to documents request, not publicly available. Mesnage R, Defarge N, Spiroux de Vendomois J, Seralini GE. Some of the issues, such as the assessment of toxicity, immunogenic effects and the assessment of residues from complementary herbicides, are under the remit of the risk assessor, i.e. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted [67], who showed that Cry1Ab proteins were stable and conserved their immunoreactivity by using a physiologically more relevant digestion model. However, no validated method has as yet been made available to independent laboratories for Cry1Ac expressed in the soybeans, with the result that major uncertainties remain about the exact concentration of Bt toxin expressed in the plants. Finally, in stacked events, such as Intacta, a combination of specific plant constituents is present in the genetically engineered plants. For this reason, GMOs that have the Bt gene are compatible with biological control programs because they harm insect predators and parasitoids much less than broad-spectrum insecticides.
The investigations were carried out with a very low number of samples.
Although empirical data on mammals are mostly lacking, the data that are available can be used to derive robust hypotheses for further investigation of health risks: Combinatorial effects are known to enhance the toxicity of Bt toxins in invertebrates and have been observed in experiments with pyrethroids [23], azadirachtin, [24], avidin [25], bacteria [14], nosema [26] and other Bt toxins [27, 28]. Walsh MC, Buzoianu SG, Gardiner GE, Rea MC, Hart OM, Ross P, Lawlor PG. de Souza Freire I, Miranda-Vilela AL, Pereira Barbosa LC, Soares Martins E, Gomes Monnerat R, Koppe Grisolia C. Evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and hematotoxicity of the recombinant spore-Crystal complexes Cry1Ia, Cry10Aa and Cry1Ba6 from, Andreassen M, Rocca E, Bhn T, Wikmark OG, van den Berg J, Lvik M, Traavik T, Nygaard UC. Signaling versus punching hole: how do, Broderick NA, Robinson CJ, McMahon MD, Holt J, Handelsman J, Raffa KF. It can be hypothesised from these experiments, that co-stressors can render toxicity of Bt toxins independently of the presence of specific known receptors. As a publication by Kleter et al. Furthermore, in the context of the risk assessment of the stacked event Intacta, the residues from spraying might interact with the Bt toxin and might act as a potent co-stressor. Also de Souza Freire et al. But several conclusions derived from these data are also relevant for the health risk assessment of food and feed derived from Bt crops, especially if other specific data are not available or not sufficient. Bt toxins are produced by soil bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis [3]. From commensal to pathogen: translocation of, Crickmore N. Using worms to better understand how. Effect of short-term feeding of genetically modified Bt maize (MON810) on gut microbiota, intestinal morphology and immune status of weanling pigs. [21] show interaction with co-stressors can render toxicity of Bt proteins to organisms that are not susceptible to Bt toxins alone. Cytotoxicity on human cells of Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac Bt insecticidal toxins alone or with a glyphosate-based herbicide. Research / de Lemos ML. 1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed, document RAR-09-548. Szkcs A, Weiss G, Quist D, Takcs E, Darvas B, Meier M, Swain T, Hilbeck A. Inter-laboratory comparison of Cry1Ab toxin quantification in MON 810 maize by ezyme-immunoassay. 859-257-4772, Students / Thus, in regard to herbicide-resistant plants, the specific assessment of residues from spraying with complementary herbicides must be considered to be a prerequisite for granting authorisation.
The funder of this article, Testbiotech, is involved in a case at the EU court of Justice (T-177/13). MON89788 was the first genetically engineered soybean worldwide to express a Bt toxin. And some issues will require closer collaboration between the risk manager, i.e. For example, the University of Manchester [57] identified several diseases, such as Coeliac disease, food protein-induced enterocolitis and food protein-induced enteropathies, that can be associated with non-IgE-mediated immune adverse reactions to foods. Such effects might be caused by the residues from spraying, since glyphosate was shown to have negative effects on the composition of the intestinal flora of cattle [91] and poultry [92]. The University of Manchester (2013a) Literature review: nonIgEmediated immune adverse reactions to foods. Rubio-Infante and Moreno-Fierros [52] conclude further risk research is necessary: () the immunogenicity of these proteins and their possible risks in humans after short- and long-term exposure must be determined. Since Intacta soybeans not only produce an insecticidal toxin but are also tolerant to glyphosate, the question arises for the health risk assessment about specific residues from spraying and potential interactions with the Bt toxins. As yet, most of the findings on combinatorial effects stem from organisms that are relevant for environmental risk assessment, but these are also relevant for health risks. [74] state: The temperature (~190C) and duration (~15min) used in this assessment were selected to represent a baking treatment that might be employed in the production of foods that contain soybean flour. The protein is very selective, generally not harming insects in other orders (such as beetles, flies, bees and wasps). Finamore A, Roselli M, Britti S, Monastra G, Ambra R, Turrini A, Mengheri E. Intestinal and peripheral immune response to MON810 maize ingestion in weaning and old mice.