Revascularization of amputated digits; Reattachment of amputated fingers. After you are released from the hospital, you may need to wear a cast to protect the finger or toe. Absolutely. Worries about the look of a replanted part and how it will work are common. hb```b``b`c`t`d@ AV ``|a#B5O%2As @1?
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A therapist also shows you how to use your new knee joint to perform activities. Pain and sensation changes may continue. %%EOF Klausmeyer MA, Jupiter JB. The biggest risks immediately after surgery include: Complications that can occur during the healing process or long after surgery may include: Rotationplasty offers several advantages over other procedures, including: Most children do well after rotationplasty. dk+A$S=&e 5L`qFEH2X$L 'N`5\`s@F@L@a`i; /x
Functional results with a well-tted prosthesis often exceed patient expectations. Rotationplasty is a surgery for bone cancer near the knee. Accessed July 25, 2013. Sensory nerves carry messages to the brain from different parts of the body to signal pain, pressure, and temperature. Braces are used from the beginning to protect the newly repaired tendons, and to allow the patient to move the replanted part. Finally, areas without skin are covered with skin that has been taken from other areas of the body. Editorial team. Your Rights and Protections Against Surprise Medical Bills, Exploration of the severed digit as well as the stump all dead or non viable tissue will be removed to ensure only clean and healthy tissue is reattached, All structures that are repaired are tagged for future repair, The bones are then cleaned, shortened, and then reattached with wires, pins, plates, or screws, The tendons or muscles are then repaired with stitches, The vessels are then repaired using microsurgery techniques (this is the most technically demanding portion of the procedure, and the most critical for success), The nerves are repaired using microsurgery techniques, The skin is then repaired and the body part is placed in a splint or cast to protect the repairs. A surgeon removes the middle part of your leg, including the knee. About OrthoInfoEditorial Board Our ContributorsOur Subspecialty Partners Contact Us, Privacy PolicyTerms & Conditions Linking Policy AAOS Newsroom Find an Orthopaedist. As you grow, you will need new prostheses. Reviewed by: C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco, CA. This can result in pain, weakness and reduced range of motion. The procedure generally proceeds as follows: What does the recovery of replantation entail? The surgery is done when fingers or toes have been amputated and are still in a condition that would allow replantation. Policy. Replantation is usually recommended when the replanted part will work at least as well as a prosthesis. They reattach it to your remaining thigh bone. %PDF-1.6
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What does a replantation procedure entail? Problems occur when part of the rotator cuff becomes irritated or damaged. So, your foot points backwards. Congenital (present at birth) leg deformities. As children grow, theyll need new prostheses. A team of healthcare providers monitors your leg, foot and toes carefully. 276 0 obj They also rotate the lower leg 180 degrees so the ankle joint functions as a knee joint. The surgeon closes the flap in the deltoid muscle. Under the right conditions, there is a good chance that the surgery can restore the use of the finger or toe. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Skeletal Trauma: Basic Science, Management, and Reconstruction.
trauma The surgeon tightens the sutures to pull the tendon against the bone and ties it securely in place. For example, a surgeon would not reattach a missing hand knowing that it would not work, be painful, or get in the way of the patient's everyday activities. For a latissimus dorsi transfer, the surgeon makes two incisions: one in the back and one in the front of the shoulder. There are a number of steps in the replantation process. For instance, in a fingertip injury, the number of inches from the injury to the tip of a finger provides an estimate of the minimum number of months after which the patient may begin to feel something with that fingertip. ) Find out about COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccines, and Mayo Clinic patient and visitor updates. Replantation. In addition, parents and children may be hesitant to choose rotationplasty because of the uncommon appearance of the foot and ankle. Most patients will require at least one or two further surgeries to remove scar tissue in an attempt to improve the motion of the reattached body part. Thigh and shin bones dont fuse together. 12th ed. A cleanly cut part usually works better after replantation than one that has been crushed or pulled off. Some of the most common procedures are: The replanted part never regains 100% of its original use and most doctors consider 60% to 80% an excellent result. In some cases, replacing the detached body part is not possible because the part is too damaged.
7th ed. g s \fhDD"8@ HKX$AUQQQ("?V'XyXXL>1/dId`ci7>B+4L8i^0 Sanchez-Sotelo J (expert opinion). 141 0 obj
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In the back, the surgeon detaches one end of a latissimus dorsi tendon and attaches a suture to that end. Visitation and mask requirements. It is a frequent complaint, even for those with an excellent recovery. Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 05/10/2021. Frontera WR, et al. If you receive chemotherapy for bone cancer after surgery, healing may take longer. If the lost part cannot be reattached, a patient may have to use a prosthesis, a device that substitutes for a missing part of the body. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Aug. 23, 2012. This is called a completion amputation. Proper care of the amputated part or parts is very important to successful replantation. Nerves grow about an inch per month, and this fact helps doctors estimate the length of the recovery. You wear a prosthesis, or artificial limb. Risks for anesthesia and surgery in general include: Special care will be taken while you are in the hospital to make sure blood flows properly to the reattached part. 121 0 obj
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Rotationplasty is a surgery to amputate (remove) the middle part of your leg when there is a tumor near your knee. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 42. Replantation of a severed body part is a technically demanding and exceptionally difficult surgery. Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information. This content does not have an English version. A healthcare provider adjusts the prosthesis as they mature. Think you may have COVID-19? You will not have the same flexibility in the finger or toe after surgery. Rotator cuff repair 4 tendon transfer. They may recover more feeling, and may regain more movement in the replanted part. This information is provided as an educational service and is not intended to serve as medical advice. ASV`'b6Bsq,gg"3!,z|G:Yd\y\UZe''_. This procedure is only recommended in a situation where the benefits outweigh the risks our hand surgery specialist will counsel you to reattach the body part if they can ensure that it will function well and function without pain. Better leg stability because the foot and toes naturally bear weight and provide balance. In: Browner BD, Jupiter JB, Krettek C, Anderson PA, eds. hb```dVB ce`a8p8Z#~G=$ ,()
HfxNzDu(k>%uG'n~(7QIXne[R5~2kK7c Not many healthcare providers have experience performing rotationplasty. startxref Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. 1998-2022 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). First, damaged tissue is carefully removed. Since their bones are still growing, its easier for them to adapt to the prosthesis. 2nd ed. from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Tenolysis: frees tendons from scar tissue, Capsulotomy: releases stiff, locked joints, Tendon or muscle transfer: moves tendons or muscles to an area that needs the tendon or muscle more, Nerve grafting: replaces a scarred nerve or a gap in the nerves to improve how the nerve works, Late amputation: removes the part later because it does not work or has become painful. air esd gun control ionizer anti blower discharge yet robust weight easy light The replanted part may not regain 100% of its original function, but most would consider regaining 70% of its original function to be an excellent outcome. Physical therapy is an important part of recovering from rotationplasty. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. In rare cases, issues like fractures or blood vessel problems may need a full-leg amputation. The bones are rejoined with wires or a plate and screws. From the beginning, splints are used to protect the newly repaired tendons. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics.
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The ankle serves as a replacement knee joint. A poorly fitted prosthesis can lead to complications and mobility problems. The wound is closed with stitches and bandaged. Cold weather can be uncomfortable for patients with replanted body parts. This content does not have an Arabic version. This website also contains material copyrighted by third parties.
In that case, the surgeon may consider a "tendon transfer." But replantation can still be successful if the amputated part has been cooled for up to 24 hours after the injury. In some cases, this option will give you a better and faster recovery than reattaching the body part. Van Nes rotationplasty is another name for this procedure. Success depends upon if the blood supply can fully be restored to the amputated portion and if the nerves reattach successfully. Replantation. DeLee & Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: Principles and Practice. We ask patients to understand that there must be a balance between letting the reattached body part rest and recover against the likelihood for tendons and joints to get stuck in place due to the necessary period of immobilization. Our specialists believe that the successful outcome of any reattachment is 50% related to how well it is surgically repaired, and 50% how well patients are able to complete the recovery process, including therapy. In: Wolfe SW, Hotchkiss RN, Pederson WC, Kozin SH, Cohen MS, eds. How often will depend on their rate of growth. Some patients who have fully recovered from replantation surgery may need additional surgery to regain full use of the part. Under proper conditions, the long-term prognosis for the restoration of function in an amputated part is quite good. All rights reserved. reattachment separation numerical modelling All rights reserved. 314 0 obj Once your leg heals, you start using a prosthesis. Even with the best medical care, you need to be strong during the course of recovery. Generally speaking, a rotationplasty leaves you with greater function than you would have with a standard amputation. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2012. More leg mobility since the ankle functions as a knee joint. 2014: 4135-4147. People with knee tumors from osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma (types of bone cancer) may need rotationplasty. 93 0 obj <> endobj Replantation of digits is surgery to reattach fingers or toes that have been cut off (amputated). Proper care of the amputated part is vital to successful replantation. Many replantation patients are able to return to the jobs they held before the injury. Rotator Cuff and Shoulder Conditioning Program. Recovery of use depends on regrowth of two types of nerves: sensory nerves and motor nerves. Children are better candidates for replantation surgery because of their greater ability to heal and regrow tissue. Rotationplasty is a surgery for bone cancer near the knee. $d 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, (https://www.amputee-coalition.org/resources/an-unusual-fit/), (https://www.oncolink.org/cancers/sarcomas/sarcoma-bone/rotationplasty). NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press. A physician or therapist can provide more information about such devices. endstream It may take three to six months for the bones in your leg to heal. When bandages are removed, a patient may feel shock, grief, anger, disbelief, or disappointment because the replanted part simply does not look like it did before. Accessed July 25, 2013. Infections or problems with wound healing. You have many great gifts. The doctor may also ask a counselor to assist with this process. Reactions to medicines, breathing problems, Decreased nerve function or movement in the replanted digit, Loss of sensation in the replanted tissue, More surgeries are required for the replanted digit. Replantation refers to the surgical reattachment of a body part (such as a finger, hand, or toe) that has been completely cut from the body. 3rd ed. All material on this website is protected by copyright. Now scheduling for ages 6 months and up, Coming to a Cleveland Clinic location? Physical therapy exercises are used to prevent the joints from becoming stiff, to keep the muscles moving, and to minimize the formation of scar tissue. You wear a cast on your leg and may need a wheelchair or crutches to move around. Uncovered nerves, tendons, and joints may be covered by a free-tissue transfer, where a piece of tissue is removed from another part of the body, along with its arteries and veins. In some cases, anchors are inserted into the bone to help hold the sutures in place. The procedure is more common in children and teenagers since osteosarcoma mostly affects this age group. Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations. A surgeon removes the middle part of your leg, including the tumor. The room may be kept warm to ensure proper blood flow. Children and teenagers are also better candidates for rotationplasty because their bones are still growing. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2008. https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/BrowserCtrl/doBrowseTo/bookChapter/{%22contentType%22:%22Books%22,%22eid%22:%223-s2.0-B9781416040071X50019%22}. Replantation of an amputated part is ideally performed within 4 to 6 hours after injury, but success has been reported up to 24 hours after the injury if the amputated part has been cooled. It requires expertise in bone healing and tendon repair, as well the use of microsurgery to reattach vessels 1.0 mm or smaller in diameter. endobj
A rotationplasty requires careful preparation and planning: Rotationplasty includes the following steps: After your surgery, you stay in an intensive care unit (ICU) for at least a few days. In some cases, children and adults with the following conditions may need rotationplasty: People with the following conditions shouldnt have rotationplasty: Rotationplasty isnt a common procedure. In some cases, a prosthesis may give a person without hands or arms the ability to function. Problems from the prosthesis, such as sores or nerve damage. "YJ|0LH)," @G%X/FFm`fHb0[!I{eyl DJLK30L ! The fingers and toes are supplied by vessels and nerves which run up the lateral aspects of each digit. Green's Operative Hand Surgery. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. endobj <>stream Sometimes, replantation of a lost body part is not possible because the part is too damaged. In some cases, a surgeon can reattach the tendon to the bone using a thread-like material called a suture. 6th ed. A physical therapist helps you regain strength and flexibility in your hip and ankle joints. Van de Sande MAJ, Vochteloo AJH, Dijkstra S, Taminiau AHM. The tendon most commonly transferred is the latissimus dorsi tendon in the back. Higgins JP. Also, if the injury occurs in the hand, allowing the replanted part to hang below heart level for extended periods of time may also cause poor circulation to the replanted part and deter recovery. This is a procedure in which a tendon from a different location is used to repair the rotator cuff. The goal of replantation surgery is to reattach and restore function to as much of the injured part as possible. Smoking causes poor circulation and may cause a loss of blood flow to the replanted part. Adults may have a longer adjustment period with the prosthesis. The patient or family member must decide whether regaining use of the body part justifies the long and difficult operation, time in the hospital, and months or years of rehabilitation. Physical therapy and temporary bracing are important to the recovery process. leederville gums Copyright 1995-2021 by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. hbbd```b``nA$;to`d&ms0 Before surgery, the doctor will explain the procedure and how much function is likely to return following replantation. The patient has an important role in the recovery process. European Surgical Orthopaedics and Traumatology. <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<34119C62CBCA684A954A227384594A88><61ECA6A07CB4B2110A003066B657FE7F>]/Index[276 85]/Info 275 0 R/Length 153/Prev 128414/Root 277 0 R/Size 361/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream The incisions are then closed in the front and back. Younger patients have a better chance of growing their nerves back compared with adults. The reattached part will be checked often to make sure there is good blood flow. DeLee JC, et al. When this is not possible, patients can seek assistance in selecting a new type of work. The arm or leg will be kept raised. New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, The Blavatnik Family Chelsea Medical Center, Heart - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Committee to Address Anti-Asian Bias and Racism (CAABR), Preparing for Surgery and Major Procedures. Barbara Woodward Lips Patient Education Center. Roberts and Hedges' Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine and Acute Care. Patients must be committed to multiple months of being unable to use the reattached part and multiple months of therapy. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center.
trauma The surgeon tightens the sutures to pull the tendon against the bone and ties it securely in place. For example, a surgeon would not reattach a missing hand knowing that it would not work, be painful, or get in the way of the patient's everyday activities. For a latissimus dorsi transfer, the surgeon makes two incisions: one in the back and one in the front of the shoulder. There are a number of steps in the replantation process. For instance, in a fingertip injury, the number of inches from the injury to the tip of a finger provides an estimate of the minimum number of months after which the patient may begin to feel something with that fingertip. ) Find out about COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccines, and Mayo Clinic patient and visitor updates. Replantation. In addition, parents and children may be hesitant to choose rotationplasty because of the uncommon appearance of the foot and ankle. Most patients will require at least one or two further surgeries to remove scar tissue in an attempt to improve the motion of the reattached body part. Thigh and shin bones dont fuse together. 12th ed. A cleanly cut part usually works better after replantation than one that has been crushed or pulled off. Some of the most common procedures are: The replanted part never regains 100% of its original use and most doctors consider 60% to 80% an excellent result. In some cases, replacing the detached body part is not possible because the part is too damaged.


The ankle serves as a replacement knee joint. A poorly fitted prosthesis can lead to complications and mobility problems. The wound is closed with stitches and bandaged. Cold weather can be uncomfortable for patients with replanted body parts. This content does not have an Arabic version. This website also contains material copyrighted by third parties.
In that case, the surgeon may consider a "tendon transfer." But replantation can still be successful if the amputated part has been cooled for up to 24 hours after the injury. In some cases, this option will give you a better and faster recovery than reattaching the body part. Van Nes rotationplasty is another name for this procedure. Success depends upon if the blood supply can fully be restored to the amputated portion and if the nerves reattach successfully. Replantation. DeLee & Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: Principles and Practice. We ask patients to understand that there must be a balance between letting the reattached body part rest and recover against the likelihood for tendons and joints to get stuck in place due to the necessary period of immobilization. Our specialists believe that the successful outcome of any reattachment is 50% related to how well it is surgically repaired, and 50% how well patients are able to complete the recovery process, including therapy. In: Wolfe SW, Hotchkiss RN, Pederson WC, Kozin SH, Cohen MS, eds. How often will depend on their rate of growth. Some patients who have fully recovered from replantation surgery may need additional surgery to regain full use of the part. Under proper conditions, the long-term prognosis for the restoration of function in an amputated part is quite good. All rights reserved. reattachment separation numerical modelling All rights reserved. 314 0 obj Once your leg heals, you start using a prosthesis. Even with the best medical care, you need to be strong during the course of recovery. Generally speaking, a rotationplasty leaves you with greater function than you would have with a standard amputation. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2012. More leg mobility since the ankle functions as a knee joint. 2014: 4135-4147. People with knee tumors from osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma (types of bone cancer) may need rotationplasty. 93 0 obj <> endobj Replantation of digits is surgery to reattach fingers or toes that have been cut off (amputated). Proper care of the amputated part is vital to successful replantation. Many replantation patients are able to return to the jobs they held before the injury. Rotator Cuff and Shoulder Conditioning Program. Recovery of use depends on regrowth of two types of nerves: sensory nerves and motor nerves. Children are better candidates for replantation surgery because of their greater ability to heal and regrow tissue. Rotationplasty is a surgery for bone cancer near the knee. $d 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, (https://www.amputee-coalition.org/resources/an-unusual-fit/), (https://www.oncolink.org/cancers/sarcomas/sarcoma-bone/rotationplasty). NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press. A physician or therapist can provide more information about such devices. endstream It may take three to six months for the bones in your leg to heal. When bandages are removed, a patient may feel shock, grief, anger, disbelief, or disappointment because the replanted part simply does not look like it did before. Accessed July 25, 2013. Infections or problems with wound healing. You have many great gifts. The doctor may also ask a counselor to assist with this process. Reactions to medicines, breathing problems, Decreased nerve function or movement in the replanted digit, Loss of sensation in the replanted tissue, More surgeries are required for the replanted digit. Replantation refers to the surgical reattachment of a body part (such as a finger, hand, or toe) that has been completely cut from the body. 3rd ed. All material on this website is protected by copyright. Now scheduling for ages 6 months and up, Coming to a Cleveland Clinic location? Physical therapy exercises are used to prevent the joints from becoming stiff, to keep the muscles moving, and to minimize the formation of scar tissue. You wear a cast on your leg and may need a wheelchair or crutches to move around. Uncovered nerves, tendons, and joints may be covered by a free-tissue transfer, where a piece of tissue is removed from another part of the body, along with its arteries and veins. In some cases, anchors are inserted into the bone to help hold the sutures in place. The procedure is more common in children and teenagers since osteosarcoma mostly affects this age group. Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations. A surgeon removes the middle part of your leg, including the tumor. The room may be kept warm to ensure proper blood flow. Children and teenagers are also better candidates for rotationplasty because their bones are still growing. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2008. https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/BrowserCtrl/doBrowseTo/bookChapter/{%22contentType%22:%22Books%22,%22eid%22:%223-s2.0-B9781416040071X50019%22}. Replantation of an amputated part is ideally performed within 4 to 6 hours after injury, but success has been reported up to 24 hours after the injury if the amputated part has been cooled. It requires expertise in bone healing and tendon repair, as well the use of microsurgery to reattach vessels 1.0 mm or smaller in diameter. endobj
A rotationplasty requires careful preparation and planning: Rotationplasty includes the following steps: After your surgery, you stay in an intensive care unit (ICU) for at least a few days. In some cases, children and adults with the following conditions may need rotationplasty: People with the following conditions shouldnt have rotationplasty: Rotationplasty isnt a common procedure. In some cases, a prosthesis may give a person without hands or arms the ability to function. Problems from the prosthesis, such as sores or nerve damage. "YJ|0LH)," @G%X/FFm`fHb0[!I{eyl DJLK30L ! The fingers and toes are supplied by vessels and nerves which run up the lateral aspects of each digit. Green's Operative Hand Surgery. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. endobj <>stream Sometimes, replantation of a lost body part is not possible because the part is too damaged. In some cases, a surgeon can reattach the tendon to the bone using a thread-like material called a suture. 6th ed. A physical therapist helps you regain strength and flexibility in your hip and ankle joints. Van de Sande MAJ, Vochteloo AJH, Dijkstra S, Taminiau AHM. The tendon most commonly transferred is the latissimus dorsi tendon in the back. Higgins JP. Also, if the injury occurs in the hand, allowing the replanted part to hang below heart level for extended periods of time may also cause poor circulation to the replanted part and deter recovery. This is a procedure in which a tendon from a different location is used to repair the rotator cuff. The goal of replantation surgery is to reattach and restore function to as much of the injured part as possible. Smoking causes poor circulation and may cause a loss of blood flow to the replanted part. Adults may have a longer adjustment period with the prosthesis. The patient or family member must decide whether regaining use of the body part justifies the long and difficult operation, time in the hospital, and months or years of rehabilitation. Physical therapy and temporary bracing are important to the recovery process. leederville gums Copyright 1995-2021 by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. hbbd```b``nA$;to`d&ms0 Before surgery, the doctor will explain the procedure and how much function is likely to return following replantation. The patient has an important role in the recovery process. European Surgical Orthopaedics and Traumatology. <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<34119C62CBCA684A954A227384594A88><61ECA6A07CB4B2110A003066B657FE7F>]/Index[276 85]/Info 275 0 R/Length 153/Prev 128414/Root 277 0 R/Size 361/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream The incisions are then closed in the front and back. Younger patients have a better chance of growing their nerves back compared with adults. The reattached part will be checked often to make sure there is good blood flow. DeLee JC, et al. When this is not possible, patients can seek assistance in selecting a new type of work. The arm or leg will be kept raised. New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, The Blavatnik Family Chelsea Medical Center, Heart - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Committee to Address Anti-Asian Bias and Racism (CAABR), Preparing for Surgery and Major Procedures. Barbara Woodward Lips Patient Education Center. Roberts and Hedges' Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine and Acute Care. Patients must be committed to multiple months of being unable to use the reattached part and multiple months of therapy. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center.