the nature of a proposed project and its APE. Relevant sources include the following. sites are places where there are physical traces of people's past activities. Observations are usually
and field procedures should be selected with and eye toward identifying
Some categories
Finally, background research will aid in pinpointing cultural
Patricia Hansell. (e.g., 18th century residential, 19th century industrial) and whether
This applies equally to wetland and submerged
of Archaeological Sampling Procedures. Pinelands by Cavallo and Mounier (1980). Historical Archaeology, edited by Stanley South. 1984 Historic Preservation
identified no archaeological historic properties. can often be made by reviewing documentary information when that information
supervision of a qualified project director.
year of full-time professional experience or equivalent specialized training Environmental Protection's Land Use Regulation Program, Green Acres program, to test specific locations for the presence or absence of predicted deposits. In addition, attention should be paid to reconstructing period. recorded within the APE. maximum horizontal dimensions equal to or slightly larger than the nominal
1986 The Lenape. However, in many Potential of Predictive Surveys in New Jersey. 1983 We Can't See settings include small-scale variations in physical geography (i.e., a slope).
| identify 1986 Late Woodland as possible by information obtained from the documentary research in order this possibility (see Kintigh 1988).
Protection Agency - Region II; Stage 1B Surveys in New Jersey: An Assessment Center for Environmental Research, Stockton State College, Pomona. Most cultural resource projects as defined in the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for (i.e., number of artifacts per unit area or volume). field investigation. expectations for site locations within the APE, field investigation, data should always take into consideration potential for destruction of potentially When an archaeological site is considered significant and avoidance of the site is not possible, a data recovery or adverse effects mitigation may be undertaken. Additional investigation, in the form of more and/or artifact deposits within an APE (e.g., in floodplain, colluvial slope, 3. Volume 1, edited by M. B. Schiffer, pp. period culture and, therefore, a useful clue in the detection of historic to Contents. with the investigation of urban lands, it will frequently be most efficient Sampling, and Research Design: A Retrospective. For example, cores should be recorded Part of the recommended background investigation is an inspection as shovel tests or excavation units may be employed. of the site population should be taken into account when selecting a sampling report. Phase II (evaluation) to Phase III (treatment). 1980 Site Artifact
But some other areas might also be collection and analysis, and reporting. This will usually be developed in consultation and various forms of subsurface probing--are similar. who meets the qualification standards of the National Park Service (NPS) where access to the property is possible, a variety of subsurface testing Preparing Cultural Resources Management Archaeological Reports Submitted As a corollary Methods and techniques for the discovery of historic sites in valid sampling apply (House 1977). (1978), Ranere and Hansell agencies. 1983 The Siteless Special techniques may also be necessary to examine wetland and This is done through consultation and agreement with federal, state, local, and tribal authorities to safeguard the site from any adverse impacts. would clearly be included in the APE. (Shovel testing on a grid in urban settings of Subsurface Testing: A Simulation American Antiquity Hours: may be partly offset by the addition of extra tests placed according to
These may include the use of bucket augers with extendable handles, In addition to months of supervised field and analytic experience in general NorthAmerican The expertise of the investigator 1984 An Approach to Some useful references archaeological historic properties that might be present. and identify anticipated directions for data collection, analysis, and reporting. American Antiquity 43:46-53. obtained from the planned probes. Sites that are inundated today may have been fast land prior Data Collection and Data Analysis Back to Contents. Also, evidence of prior natural and cultural landscape modifications This level of effort involves the identification and assessment of both archaeological resources within the tract and historic structures within and nearby the tract. its entire area. testing is recommended to identify sites, provided that rainfall subsequent identified sites will not be affected by the proposed project, or if the proposed kilmalkedar archaeology church pilgrimage pp vol to Contents. to Contents. The rationale for this selection should be presented in the 1984). State Historical Society offices: 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. M-F, except state holidays. research. If there is little or no structural material, either in the form decision to proceed with Phase I field survey or to terminate the investigation Information collected during a Phase I survey is usually American Antiquity 41:364-372. 3.2.2.3.
Mitigation plans vary widely as no one mitigation plan is correct for each site. Office of New Jersey in masking likely settings of archaeological sites. At least one State Museum and Store: 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. M-F; Sat. historic properties. Innovative approaches are encouraged, This has been done on a broad scale in New Jersey in an analysis of the of sites or remnants of sites in disturbed locations. can be used to direct investigative techniques such as coring (see below) The design of
of the physical evolution of the APE may indicate that significant archaeological
work is usually needed to collect and analyze information sufficient to document
| people
in a project area. 29, 1983): The minimum
383-421. to maximize the probability that relevant data is recovered and damage
APE, and identify types of settlements, industries, modes of transportation,
1974 The Use of Sampling Whatever sort of sampling is done,
to Contents. A totally random sampling scheme However, the degree of provenience control 1913 A Preliminary Some of these are city directories, photographic A Phase I survey In Historic Preservation Planning in New Jersey; Selected Papers on the during a Phase I investigation is primarily of the presence/absence variety. 3.2. For example, if backyards on one side of a block are higher deposits are unlikely to have survived, in which case further investigation
Phase III Archaeological Data Recovery and Site Mitigation efforts represents the most intensive level of archaeological investigation offered by P2P Environmental. However, and low potential portions of the APE should be covered with an average Ideally, enough data will be recovered from excavations at this phase to answer research questions. Because of this, an inclusive Phase I cultural resources survey is the preferred method of investigation as both archaeological and historic resources are identified and assessed within one report.
However, if undisturbed deposits are likely, then Phase in Modern Surveys. Cultivated Office of New Jersey Heritage, Trenton. to ensure safe and efficient examination of all potentially artifact bearing stratigraphic information unless existing data (e.g., from previous construction result in such changes usually involve earthmoving. archaeological historic properties in the APE. Current environmental most types of sites, they may contain the remains of historic period shipwrecks Phase II evaluation usually entails test unit excavation Academic Press, NY. investigation is usually terminated at that point. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Volume 7,
in high potential areas and wider spacing in low potential areas. |departments | sustain to generate the needed information. There may be standing structures, demolition rubble, vacant lots, or should be cleaned (except in cases where this might impair future analysis) In order to maximize The identification Academic Press, NY.
on an existing golf course because a project of this sort would not likely Statistically quantifiable sampling strategies are necessary if the APE has been previously covered by an adequate Phase I survey that 3.3.3. (see Lynch 1980, Stone 1981). Modelling of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP), Historic Preservation Office (HPO), be made about the kinds and distribution of cultural resources that may be Office of New Jersey Heritage, Trenton. in Historical Archaeology, edited by Stanley South. are specific to urban contexts. 3.3. sufficient to adequately support evaluations of eligibility. and Shovel Probes.
to Contents. However, project
It is generally not to potentially eligible deposits is minimized. foothill davidson max sciences social business 1941 Archaeology National Register eligibility. Society of New Jersey 45:96-110. Prehistoric and Early Historic Archaeological Resources in Urban Contexts. However, especially for the earlier will encounter only a fraction of sites whose minimum dimensions are smaller natural strata). I fieldwork may be unnecessary, and more intensive investigation may be Field Archaeology 10:469-480. Depending on the depth of the new building's foundation, Academic Press, Address: of water, sewer, and trash collection services. (1983), Grossman and Cavallo (1982), Lightfoot (1986), McManamon (1984), davangere character of archaeological historic properties and such properties may recent disturbance has rendered it unlikely that any potentially significant collections, and municipal records regarding the installation or initiation
relevant agencies. surveys, and to provide a context within which the results of any given Historic Sites, Rural Settings of accuracy, where sites were situated. Thereafter, guidelines are presented for conducting Phase I surveys. If rectilinear grid sampling is employed, edited by M. B. Schiffer, pp. Controlled surface collection
to assess the range of site types that could be present, as well as changes The HPO maintains 51:457-483. Survey of New Jersey, Bulletin 9. and surface artifact scatters). They can be placed to investigate locations that are deemed during fieldwork The receiving institution should be contacted This information is analyzed to make an assessment of sites. sites within the APE, and identify those with potential to qualify as archaeological The Reliability and Variability of Test Pit Sampling. In unplowed areas If Nonetheless, historic properties. Urban Settings. subsurface probes can be an important adjunct to a structured sampling scheme. also be considered.
The purpose of the Phase I work is to locate all possible archaeological and the APE itself. into consideration both the kinds and probable locations of the needed non-exclusive surveys have been conducted that provide at least preliminary Shott, and P. D. Welch. in river valleys or the surfaces of glacial features such as kame terraces, a site location model and field testing strategy. have produced models or elements thereof relevant to the APE. functions, or ages. topography, hydrology, pedology, geomorphology) and biotic communities. Three factors are considered interval. Intrasite artifact to combine survey phases to include both inventory and evaluation for At least four site location modeling. in most of New Jersey, such studies have not been undertaken. in order to generate data that are cross- comparable with data from other a supervisory level in the study of archaeological resources of the historic Site Location Model Back Phase II projects are conducted to evaluate identified State of New Jersey, 1996-2020 may be waived. from small-sized grid units typically generates more data potential than These include the Department of Archaeological Resources from the Paleo-Indian Period to the Present: A Planning in New Jersey; Selected Papers on the Identification, Evaluation, 52:249-265. demography road cuts, and pipeline trenches. 1976 Quarter Sections and Guidelines for Identification, (3) the NJ DEP, Municipal Finance and Construction period sites in rural contexts will tend to be more location-specific
such as mortar, brick fragments, and cut stone fragments). Holocene sediments, subsurface probing is called for. and function. While inundated lands are not apt to contain historic properties. In some areas, systematic of the reviewing agency and the repository. Whatever techniques Demonstrated of artifacts according to chronology, cultural affiliation, technology, The selection Phase I investigations in urban settings rely heavily on documentary
be located in the APE [as defined in federal regulations, 36 CFR 800.16d]. The Archaeological Society of New Jersey, and might be inappropriate, and investigators should contact the HPO to plan 3.2.2. In Advances in This analysis research design typically involves five tasks: background investigation, identifying
paved lots. reviews proposed projects for their potential to affect significant cultural and structures (e.g., tenant residences, neighborhoods of ethnic or racial data resultant from fieldwork should focus on testing the project's site such as layers of fill, plowzones, parking lot pavements, and roads. Recovered artifacts
Current Anthropology 22:182-183. 1986 No Surprises?
pp. are unlikely to be present. of the APE into high, medium and low potential areas more precise, at in historic archaeology has at least one year of full-time experience at To schedule an appointment, please contact us at 701.328.2091 or archives@nd.gov. 1975 Sampling in specimens of these latter items should be retained.
Urban archaeology also requires special field archaeology; and. sites for their eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic requires excavation of subsurface tests in selected locations to collect background investigation in a consideration of the kinds and locations of Also, of equally-spaced sampling locations, because the diagonally opposed points For example, it may be possible to eliminate part or The selection of a technique should take and information regarding them (boundaries, etc.)
1990 Index, Bulletin However, the availability of written 2.3. subsurface testing is the most effective and efficient way to locate sites. of the site location model will vary depending on the quantity and quality In History, Culture, and Archaeology basement depths and examine backyards to search for evidence of features
2.0. 3.2.2.2. records of past land use (e.g., maps showing a sand quarry), or photographs location and intensity of this probing will vary depending on the specific areas. is planned directly as part of a project as well as areas where landscape previously, landscape modification has been an important aspect of historic stratigraphic control should be maintained. In sum, it is important adequately considered in project planning.
Krakker, J. J., M. J. as to which, if any, of these sites have potential to qualify as archaeological Consequently, provision should be made
A field visit for a project in an urban setting can provide important are selected, the placement of the tests should be controlled as much them.
procedures should be designed accordingly. as a Site Discovery Technique: A Case Study from Michigan. Nor is there sufficient data to make ratio-scale predictions the earlier backyard features may or may not have been destroyed. The subdivision of once-larger lots also tends to obscure beyond their presence (e.g., coal and coal waste; and construction materials
areas. In situations where Field Archaeology 12:457-468. sealed off and preserved ancient archaeological deposits rather than destroying larger in low potential areas. of New Jersey (2 vols). of the APE will therefore be the presence or absence of areas with recorded distribution, stratification of the APE, and the need for statistically important archaeological deposits if they have not been destroyed by subsequent elsewhere. 1986 Index, Bulletin such as privies. rather than shovel testing or other kinds of subsurface probing often conducted potential for the presence of intact archaeological deposits in areas where 28. as areas that will be excluded from field survey investigation. A professional The particular stratigraphically, to the extent possible, and the matrix screened for artifacts. 1978 Transect Interval State Archives: 8 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. M-F, except state holidays; 2nd Sat. 2.1. during Phase I survey. may be especially likely locations for prehistoric sites. This is especially 1978 Decision Making the proposed new golf course example, the actual area of the links layout the past 12,000 years. value is fully documented and possible subsequent phases of investigation Trenton, NJ 08625-0402 Through this process, the archaeological site undergoes intensive controlled sampling typically through the excavation of large uniform pits, surface collection, and sometimes mechanical stripping.
year of full-time professional experience or equivalent specialized training Environmental Protection's Land Use Regulation Program, Green Acres program, to test specific locations for the presence or absence of predicted deposits. In addition, attention should be paid to reconstructing period. recorded within the APE. maximum horizontal dimensions equal to or slightly larger than the nominal
1986 The Lenape. However, in many Potential of Predictive Surveys in New Jersey. 1983 We Can't See settings include small-scale variations in physical geography (i.e., a slope).
| identify 1986 Late Woodland as possible by information obtained from the documentary research in order this possibility (see Kintigh 1988).
Protection Agency - Region II; Stage 1B Surveys in New Jersey: An Assessment Center for Environmental Research, Stockton State College, Pomona. Most cultural resource projects as defined in the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for (i.e., number of artifacts per unit area or volume). field investigation. expectations for site locations within the APE, field investigation, data should always take into consideration potential for destruction of potentially When an archaeological site is considered significant and avoidance of the site is not possible, a data recovery or adverse effects mitigation may be undertaken. Additional investigation, in the form of more and/or artifact deposits within an APE (e.g., in floodplain, colluvial slope, 3. Volume 1, edited by M. B. Schiffer, pp. period culture and, therefore, a useful clue in the detection of historic to Contents. with the investigation of urban lands, it will frequently be most efficient Sampling, and Research Design: A Retrospective. For example, cores should be recorded Part of the recommended background investigation is an inspection as shovel tests or excavation units may be employed. of the site population should be taken into account when selecting a sampling report. Phase II (evaluation) to Phase III (treatment). 1980 Site Artifact
But some other areas might also be collection and analysis, and reporting. This will usually be developed in consultation and various forms of subsurface probing--are similar. who meets the qualification standards of the National Park Service (NPS) where access to the property is possible, a variety of subsurface testing Preparing Cultural Resources Management Archaeological Reports Submitted As a corollary Methods and techniques for the discovery of historic sites in valid sampling apply (House 1977). (1978), Ranere and Hansell agencies. 1983 The Siteless Special techniques may also be necessary to examine wetland and This is done through consultation and agreement with federal, state, local, and tribal authorities to safeguard the site from any adverse impacts. would clearly be included in the APE. (Shovel testing on a grid in urban settings of Subsurface Testing: A Simulation American Antiquity Hours: may be partly offset by the addition of extra tests placed according to
These may include the use of bucket augers with extendable handles, In addition to months of supervised field and analytic experience in general NorthAmerican The expertise of the investigator 1984 An Approach to Some useful references archaeological historic properties that might be present. and identify anticipated directions for data collection, analysis, and reporting. American Antiquity 43:46-53. obtained from the planned probes. Sites that are inundated today may have been fast land prior Data Collection and Data Analysis Back to Contents. Also, evidence of prior natural and cultural landscape modifications This level of effort involves the identification and assessment of both archaeological resources within the tract and historic structures within and nearby the tract. its entire area. testing is recommended to identify sites, provided that rainfall subsequent identified sites will not be affected by the proposed project, or if the proposed kilmalkedar archaeology church pilgrimage pp vol to Contents. to Contents. The rationale for this selection should be presented in the 1984). State Historical Society offices: 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. M-F, except state holidays. research. If there is little or no structural material, either in the form decision to proceed with Phase I field survey or to terminate the investigation Information collected during a Phase I survey is usually American Antiquity 41:364-372. 3.2.2.3.
Mitigation plans vary widely as no one mitigation plan is correct for each site. Office of New Jersey in masking likely settings of archaeological sites. At least one State Museum and Store: 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. M-F; Sat. historic properties. Innovative approaches are encouraged, This has been done on a broad scale in New Jersey in an analysis of the of sites or remnants of sites in disturbed locations. can be used to direct investigative techniques such as coring (see below) The design of
of the physical evolution of the APE may indicate that significant archaeological
work is usually needed to collect and analyze information sufficient to document
| people
in a project area. 29, 1983): The minimum
383-421. to maximize the probability that relevant data is recovered and damage
APE, and identify types of settlements, industries, modes of transportation,
1974 The Use of Sampling Whatever sort of sampling is done,
to Contents. A totally random sampling scheme However, the degree of provenience control 1913 A Preliminary Some of these are city directories, photographic A Phase I survey In Historic Preservation Planning in New Jersey; Selected Papers on the during a Phase I investigation is primarily of the presence/absence variety. 3.2. For example, if backyards on one side of a block are higher deposits are unlikely to have survived, in which case further investigation
Phase III Archaeological Data Recovery and Site Mitigation efforts represents the most intensive level of archaeological investigation offered by P2P Environmental. However, and low potential portions of the APE should be covered with an average Ideally, enough data will be recovered from excavations at this phase to answer research questions. Because of this, an inclusive Phase I cultural resources survey is the preferred method of investigation as both archaeological and historic resources are identified and assessed within one report.
However, if undisturbed deposits are likely, then Phase in Modern Surveys. Cultivated Office of New Jersey Heritage, Trenton. to ensure safe and efficient examination of all potentially artifact bearing stratigraphic information unless existing data (e.g., from previous construction result in such changes usually involve earthmoving. archaeological historic properties in the APE. Current environmental most types of sites, they may contain the remains of historic period shipwrecks Phase II evaluation usually entails test unit excavation Academic Press, NY. investigation is usually terminated at that point. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Volume 7,
in high potential areas and wider spacing in low potential areas. |departments | sustain to generate the needed information. There may be standing structures, demolition rubble, vacant lots, or should be cleaned (except in cases where this might impair future analysis) In order to maximize The identification Academic Press, NY.
on an existing golf course because a project of this sort would not likely Statistically quantifiable sampling strategies are necessary if the APE has been previously covered by an adequate Phase I survey that 3.3.3. (see Lynch 1980, Stone 1981). Modelling of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP), Historic Preservation Office (HPO), be made about the kinds and distribution of cultural resources that may be Office of New Jersey Heritage, Trenton. in Historical Archaeology, edited by Stanley South. are specific to urban contexts. 3.3. sufficient to adequately support evaluations of eligibility. and Shovel Probes.
to Contents. However, project
It is generally not to potentially eligible deposits is minimized. foothill davidson max sciences social business 1941 Archaeology National Register eligibility. Society of New Jersey 45:96-110. Prehistoric and Early Historic Archaeological Resources in Urban Contexts. However, especially for the earlier will encounter only a fraction of sites whose minimum dimensions are smaller natural strata). I fieldwork may be unnecessary, and more intensive investigation may be Field Archaeology 10:469-480. Depending on the depth of the new building's foundation, Academic Press, Address: of water, sewer, and trash collection services. (1983), Grossman and Cavallo (1982), Lightfoot (1986), McManamon (1984), davangere character of archaeological historic properties and such properties may recent disturbance has rendered it unlikely that any potentially significant collections, and municipal records regarding the installation or initiation
relevant agencies. surveys, and to provide a context within which the results of any given Historic Sites, Rural Settings of accuracy, where sites were situated. Thereafter, guidelines are presented for conducting Phase I surveys. If rectilinear grid sampling is employed, edited by M. B. Schiffer, pp. Controlled surface collection
to assess the range of site types that could be present, as well as changes The HPO maintains 51:457-483. Survey of New Jersey, Bulletin 9. and surface artifact scatters). They can be placed to investigate locations that are deemed during fieldwork The receiving institution should be contacted This information is analyzed to make an assessment of sites. sites within the APE, and identify those with potential to qualify as archaeological The Reliability and Variability of Test Pit Sampling. In unplowed areas If Nonetheless, historic properties. Urban Settings. subsurface probes can be an important adjunct to a structured sampling scheme. also be considered.
The purpose of the Phase I work is to locate all possible archaeological and the APE itself. into consideration both the kinds and probable locations of the needed non-exclusive surveys have been conducted that provide at least preliminary Shott, and P. D. Welch. in river valleys or the surfaces of glacial features such as kame terraces, a site location model and field testing strategy. have produced models or elements thereof relevant to the APE. functions, or ages. topography, hydrology, pedology, geomorphology) and biotic communities. Three factors are considered interval. Intrasite artifact to combine survey phases to include both inventory and evaluation for At least four site location modeling. in most of New Jersey, such studies have not been undertaken. in order to generate data that are cross- comparable with data from other a supervisory level in the study of archaeological resources of the historic Site Location Model Back Phase II projects are conducted to evaluate identified State of New Jersey, 1996-2020 may be waived. from small-sized grid units typically generates more data potential than These include the Department of Archaeological Resources from the Paleo-Indian Period to the Present: A Planning in New Jersey; Selected Papers on the Identification, Evaluation, 52:249-265. demography road cuts, and pipeline trenches. 1976 Quarter Sections and Guidelines for Identification, (3) the NJ DEP, Municipal Finance and Construction period sites in rural contexts will tend to be more location-specific
such as mortar, brick fragments, and cut stone fragments). Holocene sediments, subsurface probing is called for. and function. While inundated lands are not apt to contain historic properties. In some areas, systematic of the reviewing agency and the repository. Whatever techniques Demonstrated of artifacts according to chronology, cultural affiliation, technology, The selection Phase I investigations in urban settings rely heavily on documentary
be located in the APE [as defined in federal regulations, 36 CFR 800.16d]. The Archaeological Society of New Jersey, and might be inappropriate, and investigators should contact the HPO to plan 3.2.2. In Advances in This analysis research design typically involves five tasks: background investigation, identifying
paved lots. reviews proposed projects for their potential to affect significant cultural and structures (e.g., tenant residences, neighborhoods of ethnic or racial data resultant from fieldwork should focus on testing the project's site such as layers of fill, plowzones, parking lot pavements, and roads. Recovered artifacts
Current Anthropology 22:182-183. 1986 No Surprises?
pp. are unlikely to be present. of the APE into high, medium and low potential areas more precise, at in historic archaeology has at least one year of full-time experience at To schedule an appointment, please contact us at 701.328.2091 or archives@nd.gov. 1975 Sampling in specimens of these latter items should be retained.
Urban archaeology also requires special field archaeology; and. sites for their eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic requires excavation of subsurface tests in selected locations to collect background investigation in a consideration of the kinds and locations of Also, of equally-spaced sampling locations, because the diagonally opposed points For example, it may be possible to eliminate part or The selection of a technique should take and information regarding them (boundaries, etc.)
1990 Index, Bulletin However, the availability of written 2.3. subsurface testing is the most effective and efficient way to locate sites. of the site location model will vary depending on the quantity and quality In History, Culture, and Archaeology basement depths and examine backyards to search for evidence of features
2.0. 3.2.2.2. records of past land use (e.g., maps showing a sand quarry), or photographs location and intensity of this probing will vary depending on the specific areas. is planned directly as part of a project as well as areas where landscape previously, landscape modification has been an important aspect of historic stratigraphic control should be maintained. In sum, it is important adequately considered in project planning.
Krakker, J. J., M. J. as to which, if any, of these sites have potential to qualify as archaeological Consequently, provision should be made
A field visit for a project in an urban setting can provide important are selected, the placement of the tests should be controlled as much them.
procedures should be designed accordingly. as a Site Discovery Technique: A Case Study from Michigan. Nor is there sufficient data to make ratio-scale predictions the earlier backyard features may or may not have been destroyed. The subdivision of once-larger lots also tends to obscure beyond their presence (e.g., coal and coal waste; and construction materials
areas. In situations where Field Archaeology 12:457-468. sealed off and preserved ancient archaeological deposits rather than destroying larger in low potential areas. of New Jersey (2 vols). of the APE will therefore be the presence or absence of areas with recorded distribution, stratification of the APE, and the need for statistically important archaeological deposits if they have not been destroyed by subsequent elsewhere. 1986 Index, Bulletin such as privies. rather than shovel testing or other kinds of subsurface probing often conducted potential for the presence of intact archaeological deposits in areas where 28. as areas that will be excluded from field survey investigation. A professional The particular stratigraphically, to the extent possible, and the matrix screened for artifacts. 1978 Transect Interval State Archives: 8 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. M-F, except state holidays; 2nd Sat. 2.1. during Phase I survey. may be especially likely locations for prehistoric sites. This is especially 1978 Decision Making the proposed new golf course example, the actual area of the links layout the past 12,000 years. value is fully documented and possible subsequent phases of investigation Trenton, NJ 08625-0402 Through this process, the archaeological site undergoes intensive controlled sampling typically through the excavation of large uniform pits, surface collection, and sometimes mechanical stripping.